درآمدی بر فهم اعیان‌سازی و پیامدهای ناخوشایند آن، نمونۀ موردی: تجربۀ مستأجران درتهران

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوى دکترى طراحى شهرى دانشکدة معمارى و شهرسازى، دانشگاه شهید بهشتى

2 استاد دانشکدة معمارى و شهرسازى، دانشگاه شهید بهشتى

چکیده

هدف از این نوشتار مطالعه در مورد مفهوم «Gentrification» است. واژه‌ای که از حدود نیم‌قرن پیش در بیان یکی از دغدغه‌های مطرح در حوزۀ مسائل شهری و اجتماعی در بافتار شهرهای اروپا و امریکای شمالی، به ادبیات این حوزه‌ها وارد شد. این واژه با برابرنهاده «اعیان‌سازی»، اغلب با اشاراتی گذرا در متون شهری و اجتماعی ایران نیز به چشم می‌خورد و با خود ابهاماتی را به همراه آورده است. به طور مثال برخی به اشتباه آن را جزو رویکردهای مطرح در مرمت شهری (مانند باززنده‌سازی یا نوسازی) می‌پندارند و برخی نیز هرچند به تفاوت ماهوی آن با مفاهیم یاد شده توجه کرده‌اند؛ ولی نسبت به میزان انطباق ابعاد آن با شرایط شهر و محله ایرانی آگاهی ندارند.در این مطالعه، نگارندگان در گام نخست، با هدف معرفی مفهوم اعیان‌سازی و رفع ابهامات موجود پیرامون این واژه در ایران، به تاریخچه، تعاریف رایج، و سازوکار اعیان‌سازی، آن‌طور که در جوامع شهری توسعه‌یافته تجربه و روایت شده، پرداخته‌اند. سپس به منظور درک تجربۀ اقشار آسیب‌پذیر از اعیان‌سازی در بافتار یک جامعۀ ایرانی، مطالعه‌ای بومی در این خصوص انجام شده است. این بخش از مطالعه با رویکرد کیفی به انجام رسیده است. روش جمع‌آوری داده‌ها، مصاحبه، و روش تحلیل داده‌ها تحلیل تماتیک (مضمونی/ درون‌مایه‌ای) است.ماحصل این مطالعه درآمدی است بر فهم اعیان‌سازی، آن‌گونه که در متون شهرسازی و جامعه‌شناسی به آن اشاره شده و در تکمیل آن، شناخت اعیان‌سازی است، به مثابۀ یکی از پیامدهای ناخوشایند پروژه‌های شهری، آن‌گونه که از سوی شهروندی اجاره‌نشین و ایرانی تجربه می‌شود. با تحلیل تماتیک داده‌های بومی، اعیان‌سازی برای گروه مورد مطالعه محرکی تنش‌زا جلوه می‌کند و «بحران در برساخت هویت، تهدید سلامت، افزایش انزوا، بحران در دلبستگی به مکان و برساخت خاطره، و همچنین تغییر ارزش‌های اخلاقی اجتماع» درون‌مایه‌های اصلی در روایت شرکت‌کنندگان در این مطالعه و تجربه‌های پیامدهای ناخوشایند اعیان‌سازی قلمداد می‌شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Gentrification and its Adverse Impacts: The Case of Tenants in Tehran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mona TajBakhsh 1
  • Jahanshah Pakzad 2
1 PhD Candidate, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University
2 Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University
چکیده [English]

‘Gentrification’ is usually defined as the replacement of residents of a certain urban precinct by a wealthier income group. It could be because of a deliberate choice or the result of an involuntary eviction. Despite a common misunderstanding that gentrification is a planned approach in urban upgrading—similar to urban renewal, revitalization or regeneration—it is in fact a side effect of an upgrading project, which adversely affects the intended outcomes and defeats the actual purpose of such urban conservation programs. After an initial review of the meanings and definitions of gentrification, this research examines its process and consequences in some districts of Tehran Metropolis.
For this purpose, a short list of some 40 tenants is developed comprising of low to middle-income tenants who had recently relocated from districts exposed to gentrification processes to cheaper surrounding neighborhoods. A smaller group of some 15 interviewees is then selected for deep semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis of these interviews demonstrated code categorizations resulting in two main core themes, i.e. crisis in individual-self relations and crisis in environment-self interactions. The main themes under the former include challenges in building and expressing a personal identity; as well as issues related to individual or household health. Adverse impacts under the latter core theme include an increase in social seclusion; reduction in place attachment; indifference towards community-engagement; lack of common memories; and depreciation of social and/or moral values.

سایت سازمان جهانی بهداشت:
http://www.who.int/entity/management/general/self/Are%20You%20Balancing%20the%207%20Dimensions%20of%20Wellness.doc?ua=1
وبسایت رسمی سازمان نوسازی شهر تهران:
http://nosazi.tehran.ir/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1/tabid/64/ArticleId/36/-10-11.aspx
وبسایت رسمی شهرداری منطقه 22 تهران:
http://region22.tehran.ir/
Atkinson, R. Does Gentrification Help or Harm Urban Neighbourhoods? An Assessment of the Evidence-base in the Context of the New Urban Agenda, ESRC Centre for Neighbourhood Research, Paper No. 5 (2002), Available at: http://www.urbancenter.utoronto.ca/pdfs/curp/CNR_Getrifrication-Help-or-.pdf, Last access: 21/06/2017
Byrne, J.P. “Two Cheers for Gentrification”, in Howard Law Journal, Vol. 46, No. 3 (2003), pp. 405-432,Available at: http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1936&context=facpub, Last access: 21/06/2017
Clark, E. “The Order and Simplicity of Gentrification: a Political Challenge”, in Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism, Eds. R. Atkinson & G. Bridge. London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 256-264.
Čaldarović, O. & J. Šarinić. “First Signs of Gentrification? Urban Regeneration in the Transitional Society: the Case of Croatia”, in Sociologija i prostor: časopis za istraživanje prostornoga i sociokulturnog razvoja, Vol. 46, No. (3/4 (181/182)) (2008), pp. 369-381, Available at: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=50547, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Davidson, M. & L. Lees. “New-build `Gentrification' and London’s Riverside Renaissance”, in Environment and Planning, Vol. A, No. 37 (2005), pp. 1165 – 1190, Available at: http://wordpress.clarku.edu/mdavidson/files/2011/04/Davidson-and-Lees-2005-New-Build-Gentrification.pdf, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Davidson, M. & L. Lees. “New-build Gentrification: its Histories, Trajectories, and Critical Geographies”, in Population, Space and Place, Vol.16, No. 5 (2010), pp. 395-411, Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/psp.584/abstract, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Davidson, M. “Spoiled Mixture: Where Does State-led `Positive' Gentrification End?”, in Urban Studies, Vol. 45, No. 12 (2008), pp. 2385-2405, Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098008097105, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Degen, M. “Urban Regeneration and “Resistance of Place: Foregrounding Time and Experience”, in Space and Culture, Vol 20, No. 2 (2017), pp. 141-155. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1206331217697136, Last access: 05/10/2017
Duany, A. “Three Cheers for Gentrification”, in American Enterprise Magazine, April/May (2001), pp. 36-39, Available at: https://www.mckinneytexas.org/DocumentCenter/View/1350, Last access: 21/06/2017
Glass, R. “Introduction: Aspects of Change”, in London: Aspects of Change. ed. Centre for Urban Studies. London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1964. pp. xiii–xlii.
Gotham, K.F. “Tourism Gentrification: The Case of New Orleans’ Vieux Carre (French Quarter)”, in Urban Studies, Vol. 42, No. 7 (2005), pp.1099–1121, Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00420980500120881, Last access: 21/06/2017
Guest, G. & K.M., MacQueen, & E.E. Namey. Applied Thematic Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2012.
Hackworth, J. & N. Smith. ”The Changing State of Gentrification”, in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 22, (2001), pp.464–477, Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/604e/33a19d24fbd8a02a3544da27fe5ac73605d7.pdf, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Hackworth, J. “Post Recession Gentrification in New York City”, in Urban Affairs Review, Vol. 37, No. 6 (2002), pp. 815- 843, Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107874037006003?journalCode=uarb, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Lang, M.E. Gentrification Amid Urban Decline: Strategies for America’s older Cities. Cambridge: Ballinger, 1982.
Ley, D. “Inner City Revitalization in Canada: A Vancouver Case Study”, in Canadian Geographer, Vol. 25 (1981), pp. 124–148.
Ley, D. “Gentrification and the Politics of the New Middle Class”, in Environment and Planning D, Society and Space 12, 1994, pp. 53–74, Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/d120053, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Palen, J. & B. London. Gentrification, Displacement and Neighborhood Revitalization, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1984.
Marcuse, P. “Gentrification, Abandonment, and Displacement: Connections, Causes, and Policy Responses in New York City”, in Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law, No. 28 (1985), pp. 195-240, Available at: http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1396&context=law_urbanlaw, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Schaffer, R. & N. Smith. ”The Gentrification of Harlem?”, in Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 76, No. 3 (1986), pp. 347-365, Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1986.tb00124.x/abstract, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Slater, T. “Missing Marcuse: on Gentrification and Displacement”, in City, Vol.13, No. (2-3) (2009), pp. 292- 311, Available at: http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/tslater/missingmarcuse.pdf, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Smith, N. & P. Williams. Gentrification of the City, London: Allen and Unwin, 1986.
Smith, N. “Gentrification / Generalized: from Local Anomaly to Urban ‘Regeneration’ as Global Urban Strategy”, in Frontiers of Capital: Ethnographic Reflections on the New Economy. eds. M. Fisher & G. Downey. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006, pp. 191–208.
________ . “Gentrification, the Frontier, and the Restructuring of Urban Space”, in Gentrification of the City, eds. N. Smith & P. Williams, London: Allen and Unwin, 1986, pp. 15-34, Available at: http://rohcavamaintenant.free.fr/USB%20KEY%20Fahriye/k%C4%B1tap%20Neil%20Smith__The_New_Urban_Frontier__Gentrification_and_the_Revanchist_City.pdf, Last access: 21/06/2017.
________ . “New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy”, in Antipode, Vol.34, No.3 (2002), pp. 427-450, Available at: https://www.scribd.com/document/322308359/New-Globalism-Newurbanism-Gentrification-as-Global-Urban-Strategy-Neil-Smith, Last access: 21/06/2017
________ . “The Regeneration Railway Journey”, in Mute Magazine, 2011, 23rd March. Available at: http://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/regeneration-railway-journey, Last access: 21/06/2017.
________ . “Toward a Theory of Gentrification: A Back to the City Movement by Capital, not People”, in Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol.45, No. 4 (1979), pp. 538-548, Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01944367908977002?journalCode=rjpa20, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Sullivan, D.M. “Reassessing Gentrification: Measuring Residents' Opinions Using Survey Data”, in Urban Affairs Review, Sage Publications, Vol. 42, No.4 (2007), pp. 583-592, Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1078087406295828, Last access: 21/06/2017.
Sumka, H. “Federal Antidisplacement Policy in a Context of Urban Decline”, in Back to the City: Issues in Neighborhood Renovation. eds. S. Bradway Laska & D. Spain. New York: Pergamon Press, 1980, pp. 269-278.
Uzun, C.N. “The Impact of Urban Renewal and Gentrification on Urban Fabric: Three Cases in Turkey”, in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 94, No. 3 (2003), pp. 363-375, Available at: https://www.academia.edu/27727509/The_impact_of_urban_renewal_and_gentrification_on_urban_fabric_three_cases_in_Turkey, Last access: 21/06/2017
Vigdor, J.L. “Is Urban Decay Bad? Is Urban Revitalization Bad too?”, in Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 68, No. 3 (2010), pp. 277–289.
Zukin, S. “Gentrification: Culture and Capital in the Urban Core”, in Annual Review of Sociology, Vol.13 (1987), pp. 129-147.