«معماری ایرانی» در جدال روشنفکران و آرشیتکت‌ها در آستانۀ دهۀ ۱۳۴۰

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

2 دانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

اهداف و پیشینه: هویت ایرانی یکی از مسائل مهم و درعین‌حال پرابهام در معماری امروز ماست. فهم ما از هویت ایرانی و چگونگی بروز آن در معماری پیشینه‌ای دارد که بررسی آن می‌تواند در روشن‌ کردن خواست این فهم در لحظۀ اکنون راه‌گشا باشد. یکی از برهه‌های کلیدی در مسئله‌ شدن هویت ایرانی در معماری سال‌های منتهی به انقلاب اسلامی است. پژوهشگران پیشین سرآغاز طرح این مسئله را اواخر دهۀ 1340 یا اوایل دهۀ 1350 فرض کرده و تصویر یکدستی از تکاپوی کسب هویت ایرانی در معماری به‌دست داده‌اند و اغلب به خواست معماران تحصیل‌کرده و سیاست‌های حکومت منتسب کرده‌اند. هدف در این مقاله روشن کردن سرآغاز تکاپوی هویت ایرانی در معماری برهۀ یادشده و تضادها و تنش‌های درونی این مفهوم است.
 
مواد و روش‌ها: در این پژوهش با رویکرد تحلیل گفتمان و با اتکا بر متون تاریخی، چگونگی مسئله شدن هویت ایرانی در معماری این برهه، نهادهای مؤثر بر آن، و زمینۀ شکل‌گیری آن بررسی می‌شود. اسناد تاریخی بررسی‌شده شامل متونی از معماران و غیرمعماران در نشریات تخصصی معماری، نشریات عمومی، و کتاب‌هاست.
 
نتایج و جمع‌بندی: نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که طلبِ معماری واجد هویت ایرانی در وهلۀ نخستْ مطالبه‌ای سیاسی بود که در دورۀ پس از کودتای سال 1332 از سوی روشنفکران و در واکنش به گسترش روزافزون نفوذ دولت‌های غربی در ایران بروز یافت. در نظر روشنفکران، کسب هویت ایرانی در معماری در گرو احیای صورت معماری گذشته بود. اما این صورت‌بندی از معماری ایرانی با آرمان‌های معماران مدرن ایرانی در تضاد بود و تهدیدی علیه پایگاه حرفه‌ای ایشان در مقابل معماران سنتی به‌شمار می‌رفت. به‌همین‌دلیل، با مقاومت معماران مواجه شد و این گروه با واسازی صورت‌بندی پیشنهادی روشنفکران، امکان بازگشت به معماری گذشته را در لحظۀ اکنون به حاشیه راند و زمینه را برای عرضۀ صورت‌بندی مطلوب خود از معماری فراهم کرد. این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که مبحث هویت در معماری این دوره، برخلاف تصویر منسجم ارائه‌شده در پژوهش‌های پیشین، در نزاع میان پایگاه‌های سیاسی و فکری گوناگون و رقابت میان متخصصان و غیرمتخصصان شکل گرفته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

‘Iranian Architecture’ in the Struggle between Intellectuals and Architects in the threshold of the 1960s

نویسندگان [English]

  • ش ش 1
  • Mitra Hashemi 2
1 دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
2 PhD Candidate in Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning,Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: The construction of Iranian identity constitutes a central yet contested issue within contemporary Iranian architectural discourse. Understanding the historical trajectory of Iranian identity discourse and its architectural manifestations is crucial for elucidating current debates. This study focuses on the pre-Islamic Revolution period as a key juncture in the problematisation of Iranian architectural identity. Challenging previous scholarship that often positions the emergence of this issue in the late 1960s or early 1970s and presents a monolithic account primarily driven by people with architectural education and state agendas, this article aims to delineate the genesis of this discursive formation within architectural debates. Furthermore, it seeks to analyse the inherent contradictions and tensions embedded within this conceptualisation.
 
Materials and Methods: Employing a discourse analysis approach, this research investigates the problematisation of Iranian architectural identity in the specified period through the examination of historical textual data. The analysis encompasses the identification of key actors, the institutional contexts within which the discourse unfolded, and the broader socio-political milieu shaping its articulation. The corpus of analysed documents includes texts authored by both architectural and non-architectural agents, published across a range of platforms including specialist architectural journals, general periodicals, and books.
 
Results  & Conclusion: The findings reveal that the call for an architecture embodying a distinct Iranian identity was initially a political demand, emerging within the specific historical conjuncture of the post-1953 coup era. Initially, the intellectual elites demanded it as a reaction against the perceived intensification of Western influence in Iran. For the intellectuals, the discursive construction of Iranian architectural identity centred on the revival of historical architectural elements. However, this formulation faced resistance from modern Iranian architects, who perceived it as a challenge to their professional authority and a potential reinstatement of traditional architectural practices. Consequently, modern architects engaged in a counter-discourse, seeking to deconstruct the proposed formulation and marginalise the possibility of a direct historicist revival, thereby advocating for their own preferred architectural paradigms. This study demonstrates that, in contrast to previous accounts of homogeneity, the discourse on architectural identity during this period was characterised by agonistic struggles between diverse political and intellectual power blocs, as well as contestations between expert and non-expert voices within the field.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Contemporary architecture
  • architecture of Pahlavi era
  • Iranian architecture
  • national identity
  • Iranian intellectual
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