واکاوی نقش بازسازی مسکن بر التیام پیامدهای تروماتیک سانحه؛ مورد مطالعاتی: زلزلۀ 1382 بم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری معماری، دانشکدة مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی، لویزان، ایران

2 دانشیار، دانشکدۀ مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی، لویزان، ایران

3 استادیاردانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

4 دانشیار، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی، لویزان، ایران

چکیده

زلزله پدیده‌ای مکان‌بنیان و مخرب است که منجر به تجارب استرس‌زا، ادراکات متفاوت، و مجموعة وسیعی از پیامدهای تروماتیک برای بازماندگان می‌گردد که با تغییرات عمیق در شبکة شناختی و پیوندهای عاطفی با مسکن با کارایی مأوای امن همراه است. نقش طولانی‌مدت چنین تجارب و ادراکاتی بر رابطة بازمانده ـ خانه و عملکرد آن در بازتوانی روانی ظاهر می‌گردد. بدین دلیل، در تحقیق حاضر، با استفاده از نظریة زمینه‌ای و مبتنی بر تجربة زیستة طولانی بازماندگان زلزلة 1382 بم در مسکن بازسازی‌شده، روابط مذکور بادقت بررسی شده است. هدف تحقیق استخراج مقولات مؤثر بر التیام پیامدهای تروماتیک زلزله است. بر اساس یافته‌های حاصل از 23 مصاحبة‌ عمیق و نیمه‌ساختاریافته به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و تحلیل یافته‌ها در قالب گروه‌های تمرکز 3 تا 5نفرة مشارکت‌کنندگان، 370 کد باز (مفهوم)، 91 مفهوم اصلی، 7 مقولة فرعی در کدگذاری محوری، و 10 مقولة اصلی در کدگذاری گزینشی شناسایی گردیدند. طبق یافته‌ها، به‌واسطة ادراک زلزله در خانه، ترس از محبوس شدن در فضاهای بسته و کوچک، و ترس از قرار گرفتن در فضاها با ارتفاع سقف بلند و ارتفاع طبقات منجر به استرس‌های محیطی شده است. اطمینان مجدد به ایمنی مسکن بازسازی‌شده، در ویژگی‌های حمایت‌کننده از اقدامات کاهندة آسیب‌پذیری و رفتارهای حفاظتی مانند اطمینان از امکان فرار به‌واسطة گشودگی و خوانایی فضاها، اعتماد به ایمنی سازه و تکنولوژی ساخت، و اجتناب از مصالح و روش‌ها و ویژگی‌های آسیب‌پذیر معماری مسکن قبل از زلزله جستجو شد. همچنین در فرایند بازسازی از دیدگاه جامعه، عوامل مؤثر در تسریع بازسازی مسکن و احیای شأنیت جامعه بر التیام آلام جامعه و بازتوانی نیز اثرگذار بوده‌اند. از سوی دیگر، مفاهیم دلبستگی‌های مکانی و رضایتمندی به‌مثابة عوامل مداخله‌گر در تسهیل این فرایند ظاهر گردیده‌اند. طبق نتایج، ماهیت زلزله و تجربة آن در خانه منجر به هم‌گرایی ذهن جمعی در سوگیری‌های شناختی ـ رفتاری پس از آن در محیط زندگی می‌گردد و این یافته در شناخت مقولات مؤثر بر التیام جمعی کارآمد خواهد بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating The Role of Housing Reconstruction in Healing Traumatic Consequences of a Disaster; TheCase ofthe 2003 Bam Earthquake

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeedeh Assadi 1
  • Ali Sharghi 2
  • Zoheir Mottaki 3
  • Bahram Saleh Sedghpour 4
1 Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Faculty of Humanities, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

A place-based and destructive phenomenon, earthquakes lead to stressful experiences of variouskinds, and a wide range of traumatic consequences for survivors, accompanied by profound changes in the cognitive network and emotional bonds to the concept of house as a safe haven. The long-term impacts of such experiences and perceptions appear in the survivor-home relationships and survivors' recovery. Using the Grounded Theory and based on the long-term lived experiences of the 2003 Bam earthquake survivors in reconstructed houses, the present study investigates survivor-home relationships. The aim is to extract the categories that mitigatetraumatic consequences of an earthquake and promote healing. Based on the findings of 23 in-depth and semi-structured interviews by purposive sampling method and the findings in focus groups of three to five participants, 370 open codes (concepts), 91 main concepts and seven sub-categories in axial coding, and 10 main categories in selective coding were identified. According to the findings, the experience of earthquakesathome causes fears of being trapped in closed and small spaces, of being in spaces with high ceilings and of being in upper floors. The reassurance of the safety of reconstructed houseswere sought in features that support vulnerability mitigation measures and protective behaviour, such as ensuring the possibility of evacuation due to openness and legibility of living spaces, trust in structural safety and construction technology and avoiding vulnerable materials, techniques and features of pre-earthquake houses.Furthermore, the effective housing reconstruction accelerating and restoring the community's dignity were found effective in healing and recovery.On the other hand, the concepts of place attachment and satisfaction were found to be interventive in facilitating this process.According to the results, the nature of the earthquake and the following experiences at home, leads to the formation of collective cognitive-behavioural mentalities in the living environment, and this in turn helps achieving a betterunderstandingof collective healing.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Housing reconstruction
  • Healing the traumatic consequences of the earthquake
  • the 2003 Bam earthquake
  • Grounded Theory
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