A Meta-Analysis of Research on Interventions in Pilgrimage Shrines’ Surroundings

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Objectives and Background:
The surrounding fabrics of pilgrimage shrines suffer from a variety of problems and inadequacies, which is partly due to the actions and interventions to fulfil needs of the pilgrims in various scales. This, in turn, causes damages on their surroundings. The pilgrimage function of holy places mainly encourages and stimulates the development of service and support areas around them, focusing on providing services to visitors.Consequently, a multifaceted development – on macro, medium and micro scales– becomes relevant in the context of pilgrimage cities. The intervention for the purpose of development in the fabric surrounding pilgrimage shrines becomes, therefore, one of the important initiatives for governments, with the pilgrimage developing into an important social and spiritual centre on a regional and supra-local scale. On the other hand, socio-cultural developments in the 20th and 21st centuries – e.g. the development of tourism and mass transportation, the withdrawal of religion from politics and society, and the commercialisation and globalisation of societies – have provided the basis for the intertwining of the boundaries between tourism and pilgrimage in many ways. Although this convergence can have different consequences for the city and the pilgrimage destination in different contexts, leads to overlaps, which according to Bremer (2001), creates a ‘dualism of place’.Such convergences also add complexity to the management practices of sacred sites particularly in terms of the maintenance, interpretation and meaning of sacred sites. According to Shackley (2005), the most important challenge that pilgrimage cities face in terms of their religious heritage is to achieve a balance between the two religious and non-religious perspectives (Santos Solla and Pena Abrera, 2014). Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the spiritual landscape of pilgrimage cities and to deal thoughtfully with the development and subsequent management of such fabrics. Despite various research in the field, there has been little focus on articulating the dimensions and consequences of such interventions. In response, this paper aims to achieve a systematic review of the research conducted on the interventions in surrounding fabrics of pilgrimage shrines to articulate the dimensions and consequences of such interventions.
 
Materials and Methods:
A qualitative approach and systematic review along with content analysis and logical reasoning strategies were applied in this study based on Fink's protocol. To do so, 71 Persian and English studies, conducted between 1997 to 2022, were subjected to structural and content analysis. The English research works studied were selected by a systematic review of the Web of Science database. For the Persian studies Irandoc, Normagz, and Magiran databases were systematically reviewed with the time period set between 1997 and 2022. The work started searchingkeywords such as ‘urban interventions’, ‘urban restoration’, ‘urban improvement’, ‘urban regeneration’, ‘urban conservation’, urban revitalisation, urban reconstruction, urban development, and urban renewal along with the combined key (+) and the word ‘pilgrimage’. This resulted in 1,500 Persian 146 English findings. After reviewing titles and abstracts, non-Anglo-Persian indexed, repeatingand non-peer-reviewed items were eliminated. Then, the abstracts of the remaining articles were studied, resulting in the selection of 106 Persian and 62 English articles. Research focused on shrine buildings and sacred natural sites (including protected sacred landscapes such as mountains, forests, and volcanoes that have no pilgrimage shrine element) were also excluded. Subsequently, those exactly corresponding the research question, were studied in full, including 47 studies, and omitting the other 121. The detailed structural and content information of the selected studies were then extracted to categorise and summarise the information, providing a basis for data analysis in order to answer the research question.
 
Results and Conclusion:
Based on a review of studies focused on practical experiences and implementation actions in the fabric surrounding pilgrimage shrines, the findings show that most of the interventions carried out in the surrounding fabrics of the pilgrimage shrines are short of theoretical foundations and specific criteria for action, relevant mandatory regulations regarding the tangible and intangible values of the context, and not compliant with religious principles. These interventions have caused problematic consequences, which can be classified under nine major categories: economic, spatial, physical, social, perceptual, political-institutional, visual, functional and environmental dimensions. Among reviewed studies, the spatial, physical, social, and economic dimensions, as the most problematic consequences of the interventions, have attracted most attention, with political-institutional, perceptual, visual, functional, and environmental dimensions having been addressed less. The results show the importance of adopting a comprehensive theoretical and practical view, and the mutual influence of these aspects on one another.

Keywords

Main Subjects

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  • Receive Date: 29 January 2024
  • Revise Date: 13 May 2024
  • Accept Date: 22 June 2026

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