Numerical investigation of indoor airflow behavior in Bushehr’s Sa’adat School based on the Openings and corridors situation using CFD method

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, School of Architecture and Urban Design, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD Candidate, School of Architecture and Urban Design, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran

3 M Arch, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Azad University Ahwaz Branch, Ahwaz, Iran

Abstract

Background and objectives: Indoor air quality is one of the important factors related to the health and wellbeing of users, with passive technologies such as natural ventilation being crucial to improve air quality. Natural ventilation and air flow behaviour in different climates are, therefore, important to investigate, particularly in hot and humid areas where the need for the air flow is at its highest. Climatic demands are a key factor in spatial formations of traditional cities of Iran, with the hot, humid city of Bushehr being a prime example. The present article deals with mathematical investigations of the behaviour of the internal air flow prompted by external winds. Focusing on the openings in the traditional building of Bushehr’s Sa’adat school, it tries to highlight the role of the openings and semi-open corridors in responding the need to generate and direct the constant flow of air in the interior spaces.
Methods: A hybrid method is used in the present research. In the first stage, by formulating an experimental strategy, the physical elements of the school (independent variables) were examined, and with the help of precise digital devices, the speed and direction of the air flow inside (dependent variable) was registered in a test period. Analyses were then done using CFD simulation strategy and using Gambit preprocessor and Fluent software (after proving the validity and reliability).
Results and conclusion: The results show that the dominant west and north-west winds, break when they hit the west wall of the school and change direction to the sides and upwards. This collision is associated with an increase in pressure behind and above the wall, as well as an increase in speed behind the wall compared to the prevailing air flow speed. The lowest air speed and pressure is at the level close to the courtyard, and with the increase in height to the middle of the window comes an increase in the air flow. The location of the spaces, corridors, porticoes, and openings significantly affect the pattern of internal flows, and the special composition and physical characteristics of the side corridors cause the existing air inside the classrooms to be sucked outside prompting natural ventilation. Also, the flow in classrooms flanked by side corridors with suitable openings was measured at least 0.05 m/s on average.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Aflaki, A., N. Mahyuddin, Z.A.K. Mahmoud, and M.R. Baharum. “A Review on Natural Ventilation Applications through Building Façade Components and Ventilation Openings in Tropical Climates”. Energy and Buildings, vol. 101 (2015): 153-162.
Aguilar, Antonio J., Maria L. de la Hoz-Torres, N´elson Costa, Pedro Arezes, Maria D. Martínez-Aires, and Diego P. Ruiz. “Assessment of Ventilation Rates inside Educational Buildings in Southwestern Europe: Analysis of Implemented Strategic Measures”. Journal of Building Engineering. 51(12) (2022): 104204.
Amidpoor, M. “Investigating the Effects of Using Smokeless Heaters on Indoor Air Quality, Research Project”. Khaje Nasir-o-din Toosi University, department of mechanic, Client: Optimizing Iran’s fuel consumption co, 2009. (In Persian)
Ascione, F., L. Bellia, and A. Capozzoli. “A Coupled Numerical Approach on Museum Air Conditioning: Energy and Fluid-dynamic Analysis”. Journal of Applied Energy, 103 (2013): 416-427.
Asfour, S. and B. Gadi. “A Using CFD to Investigate Ventilation Characteristics of Vaults as Wind- inducing Devices in Buildings”. Journal of Applied Energy, 85 (2008): 1126-1140.
Bahrani, H.R., E. Ranjbar, and S. Ahmadi. “An Analysis of the Function of External Senasir Types and Their Effects on the Wind Flow in the Historical Part of Bushehr”. Naqshejahan- Basic Studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning, no. 8 (2018): 179-186. (In Persian)
Betts, P.L. and I.H. Bokhari. “Experiments on Turbulent Natural Convection in an Enclosed Tall Cavity”. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 9 (2000): 165-194.
Blake, G., E. Schlichting, and U. Zimmerman. “Water Recharge in a Soil with Shrinkage Ccracks”. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 37 (1973): 669–672.
Calama-Gonzalez, C.M., R. Suarez, and A. Luis Leon-Rodriguez. “Thermal Comfort Prediction of the Existing Housing Stock in Southern Spain through Calibrated and Validated Parameterized Simulation Models”. Energy and Buildings, vol. 254 (2022).
Canonsburg, T. ANSYS Fluent User’s Guide, Release 18.1, 2017.
Cheesewright, R. “Turbulent Natural Convection from a Vertical Plane Surface”. Journal of Heat Transfer, Transaction of ASME, (1968): 1-9.
Chen, Q. “Comparison of Different k-ε Models for Indoor Air flow Computations”. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B Fundamentals, vol. 28, no. 3 (1995): 353-369.
Chen, Y., Z. Tong, Y. Zheng, H. Samuelson, and L. Norford. “Transfer Learning with Deep Neural Networks for Model Predictive Control of HVAC and Natural Ventilation in Smart Buildings”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 254 (2020): 119866.
Elder, J.W. “Turbulence Free Convection in a Vertical Slot”. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 23 (1965): 99-111.
Figueroa-Lopez, A., A. Arias, X. Oregi, and I. Rodríguez. “Evaluation of Passive Strategies, Natural Ventilation and Shading Systems, to Reduce Overheating Risk in a Passive House Tower in the North of Spain during the Warm Season”. Journal of Building Engineering, 43 (2021): 102607.
Giel, P.W. and F.W. Schmidt. “All Experiment Study of High Rayleigh Number Natural Convection”. An Enclosure Proceeding of the 8th International Heat Transfer Conference, 4, 1986, 1459-1464.
Gough, H.L., J.F. Barlow, Z. Luo, M.-F. King, C.H. Halios, and C.S.B. Grimmond. “Evaluating Single-sided Natural Ventilation Models Against Full-scale Idealised Measurements: Impact of Wind Direction and Turbulence”. Building and Environment Journal, 170 (2020): 106556.
Grout, L. and D. Wang. Research Methods in Architecture. Transl. A. Eynifar, Tehran: Published by University of Tehran, 2006. (In Persian)
Han, J., W. Yang, G. Zhang, Q. Zhang, and D.J. Moschandreas. “A Comparative Analysis of Urban and Rural Residential Thermal Comfort under Natural Ventilation Environment”. Energy and Buildings, 41 (2009): 139-145.
Heiselberg, P. “Principles of Hybrid Ventilation”. Annex 35: Hybrid Ventilation in New and Retrofitted Office Buildings, 2002, 1-75.
Huang, C.H., et al. “Impacts of Using Auto-mode Portable Air Cleaner on Indoor PM2.5 Levels, An Intervention Study”. Building and Environment Journal, 188 (2021): 107444.
Indraganti , M. and D. Boussaa. “Comfort Temperature and Occupant Adaptive Behavior in Offices in Qatar during Summer”. Energy and Building, 150 (2017): 23-36.
Indraganti, M., R. Ooka, H.B. Rijal, and G.S. Brager. “Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort for Offices in Hot and Humid Climates of India”. Building and Environment Journal, 74 (2017): 39-53.
Izadyar, N., W. Miller, B. Rismanchi, and V. Garcia-Hansen. “Impacts of Façade Openings’ Geometry on Natural Ventilation and Occupants’ Perception: a Review; Build”. Building and Environment Journal, 170 (2020): 106613.
Izadyar, N., W. Miller, B. Rismanchi, and V. Garcia-Hansen. “A Numerical Investigation of Balcony Geometry Impact on Single-sided Natural Ventilation and Thermal Comfort”. Building and Environment Journal, vol. 177 (2020): 106847.
Jalilian, Sh. and M. Tahbaz. The Principle of Architecture Design Compatible with the Climate in Iran with an Approach to Mosque Architecture. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Publish, 2008. (In Persian)
Jin, X. and C. Meng. “Study on Impact of Window Opening Modes on Motion of Indoor PM2.5”. Architecture Technology, 45 (2014): 1022-1025.
Jomehzadeh, F., H.M. Hussen, J.K. Calautit, P. Nejat, and M.S. Ferwati. “Natural Ventilation by Windcatcher (Badgir): A Review on the Impacts of Geometry, Microclimate and Macroclimate”. Energy and Buildings, 226 (2020): 110396.
Jomehzadeh, F., P. Nejat, J.K. Calautit, et al. “A Review on Windcatcher for Passive Cooling and Natural Ventilation in Buildings, Part 1: Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort Assessment”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70 (2017): 736-756.
Khedari, J., B. Boonsri, J. Hirunlabh. “Ventilation Impact of Solar Chimney on Indoor Temperature Fluctuation and Air Change in a School Building”. Energy and Buildings, 32(1) (2000): 89-93.
Kompatscher, K., S. Kochen, A.W.M. Van Schijndel, and H.L. Schellen. “Coupled Heat, Moisture and CFD Modeling in the Built Environment”. in COMSOL Conference, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, October 2017, 18-20.
Lai, D., S. Jia, Y. Qi, and J. Liu. “Window-opening Behavior in Chinese Residential Buildings across Different Climate Zones”. Building and Environment, 142 (2018): 234-243.
Larsen, T.S., C. Plesner, V. Leprince, F.R. Carrie, and A.K. Bejder. “Calculation Methods for Single-sided Natural Ventilation: Now and Ahead”. Energy and Buildings. 177 (2018): 279-289.
Ledo Gomis, L., M. Friorentini, and D. Daly. “Potential and Practical Management of Hybrid Ventilation in Buildings”. Energy and Buildings, 231 (2021): 110597.
Lyu, W., X. Li, W. Shi, B. Wang, and X. Huang. “A General Method to Evaluate the Applicability of Natural Energy for Building Cooling and Heating: Revised Degree Hours”. Energy and Buildings, 250 (2021): 111277.
Meng, X., Y. Wnag, X. Xing, and Y. Xu. “Experimental Study on the Performance of Hybrid Buoyancy-driven Natural Ventilation with a Mechanical Exhaust System in an Industrial Building”. Energy and Buildings, 208 (2020): 109674.
Miri, P. and P. Babakhani. “On the Failure of the Only Vernacular Windcatcher in the Mountainous Region of Western Iran: Opportunities for Energy-efficient Buildings”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 295 (2021): 126383.
Nagano, Y. and N. Tagawa. “An Improved k-ε Model for Boundary Layer Flows”. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 112 (1990): 33-39.
Nickghadam, N. “The Effect of Wind and Sun in Adjusting the Thermal Conditions of Bushehr Houses, Case Example: Golshan House”. Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism, no. 2 (2016): 29-46. (In Persian)
Nomura, M. and K. Hiyama. “A Review: Natural Ventilation Performance of Office Buildings in Japan”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74 (2017): 746-754.
Olsen, D.A., L.R. Glicksman, and H.M. Ferm. “Steady State Natural Convection in an Empty and Partitioned Enclosure at High Rayleigh Numbers”. Journal of Heat Transfer, 112 (1990): 640-647.
Omrani, S., V. Garcia-Hansen, B. Capra, and R. Drogemuller. “Natural Ventilation in Multi-storey Buildings: Design Process and Review of Evaluation Tools”. Building and Environment, 116 (2017): 182-194.
Rahaei, O. “Cultural Dentity and its Effects on Natural Ventilation Methods in Dezful’s Cultural Bazzar”. Baghe-Nazar, no. 24 (2013): 39-46. (In Persian)
________ . “Effects of Architectural Somatic Variables on Mixed Air Conditioning Systems’ Efficiency in Industrial Buildings”. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Journal, no. 12 (2014): 69-81.
________ . “Investigation of Physical Changes in Central Courtyards on the Pattern of Air Flow Inside Them in Qajar Period Houses in Isfahan by CFD Method - Case Study: Labaf House”. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design, no. 9 (2021). (In Persian)
Rahaei, O. and H.R. Azemati. “Improving the Quality of Natural Ventilation in Classrooms of Mazandaran Province Based on the Position of the Openings Using CFD Method”. Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism, no. 11 (2020): 57-71. (In Persian)
Rahiminejad, M., A. Louis Marie Paris, H. Ge, and D. Khovalyg. “Performance of Lightweight and Heavyweight Building Walls with Naturally Ventilated Passive and Active Facades”. Energy and Buildings, 256 (2022): 111751.
Ranjbar, E., M. Pourjafar, and K. Khaliji. “Innovations in Climatic Designing Due to the Wind Flowing Through The Old Bushehr”. Baghe-Nazar, no. 13 (2010): 17-34. (In Persian)
Rudy, W. The Universities of Europe, 1100-1914: a History. Rutherford [NJ]: Fairleigh Dickinson, London, Cranbury: University Press, 1984.
Schlichting, H. and E. Truckenbrodt. Aerodynamics of the Airplane. McGraw-Hill Companies, 1979.
Schulze, T., D. Gürlich, and U. Eicker. “Performance Assessment of Controlled Natural Ventilation for Air Quality Control and Passive Cooling in Existing and New Office Type Buildings”. Energy and Buildings, 172 (2018): 265-278.
Shaeri, j., M. Yaghoubi, M. Aliabadi, and R. Vakilinazhad. “Evaluation of Temperature, Relative Humidity and Wind Speed of Traditional Houses of Bushehr in Warm Season (Case Study: Golshan and Dehdashti Houses)”. Honar-ha-ye-Ziba Memari-va-Shahrsazi, no. 22 (2018): 93-105. (In Persian)
Shafiei Fini, A. and A. Moosavi. “Effects of Wall Angularity of Atrium on Buildings Natural Ventilation and Thermal Performance and CFD Model”. Energy and Buildings, 121 (2016): 265-283.
Sribanurekha, V., S.N. Wijerathne, L.H.S. Wijepala, and C. Jayasinghe. “Effect of Different Ventilation Conditions on Indoor CO2 Levels”. in International Conference on Disaster Resilience At: Kandalama, Sri Lanaka, 2011.
Teodosiu, C., V. Ilie, and R. Teodosiu. “Appropriate CFD Turbulence Model for Improving Indoor Air Quality of Ventilated Spaces”. Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering, vol. 10, no. 4 (2015): 28-42.
Vassella, C.C., J. Koch, A. Henzi, A. Jordan, R. Waeber, R. Iannaccone, and R. Charri`ere. “From Spontaneous to Strategic Natural Window Ventilation: Improving Indoor Air Quality in Swiss Schools”. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 234 (2021): 113746.
Versteeg, H. and W. Malalasekera. “An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics”. Finite Volume Method, Essex, Longman Scientific and Technical, 1995.
Wilcox, D.C. Turbulence Modeling for CFD. DCW industries La Canada, CA, 1998.
Wu, Y., N. Gao, J. Niu, and Q. Cao. “Numerical Study on Natural Ventilation of the Wind Tower: Effects of Combining with Different Window Configurations in a Low-rise House”. Building and Environment, 188 (2021): 107450.
Yao, M. and B. Zhao. “Window Opening Behavior of Occupants in Residential Buildings in Beijing”. Building and Environment, 124 (2017): 441-449.
Yin, H., C. Liu, and L. Zhang. “Measurement and Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality in Naturally Ventilated Residential Buildings”. Indoor Built Environment Journal, no. 13 (2019): 1-17.
Numerical Simulation of Indoor Air Flow Behavior Under the Effect of Openings and Corridors in Saadat Bushehr School by Fluent Software

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 31 October 2023
  • Revise Date: 06 November 2023
  • Accept Date: 09 November 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics