The Role of Computer Aided Sketching Software (CAS) in Ideation Stages of Design

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz University

2 MA, Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz University

Abstract

The importance of free-hand sketching on the one hand and the increasing use of computer software in various stages of the architectural design process on the other, havecaused controversies in the selection of appropriate design methods. Despite the increasing development of computers and computer-aided design software, the use of sketches in ideation stages is still common among designers. Today, various tools and software for computer aided sketching (CAS) have been marketed with the aim of closing the gap between ideation and the use of computers, so that the tendency of some designers, and more so students, to use them is evident. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of replacing CAS with sketches and their impact on the designer's creative thinking for ideation. For this purpose, using descriptive-analytical method, the effect of sketches and CAS, as external influences in cognitive design skills are compared. The results show that although many efforts have been made to develop advanced application of CAS taking advantage of both sketching skills and technology, they have not yet managed to pose serious competitionfor hand sketches, and sketches have retained their advantages.

Keywords

References

چینگ, فرانسیس دی. کی. طراحی فرایندی خلاقانه. ترجمۀ محمدعلی احمدی‌نژاد. تهران: نشر خاک, 1390.
غریب‌پور, افرا. «مقایسۀ تحلیلی ترسیم با دست و رایانه در فرایند طراحی معماری». در نشریۀ هنرهای زیباـ معماری و شهرسازی، دورۀ 19, ش ۱ (بهار ۱۳۹۳)، ص۵-۱۴.
لازیو, پل. تفکر ترسیمی برای معماران و طراحان. ترجمۀ سعید آقایی. تهران: گنج هنر, 1389.
هاشم‌نژاد,‌ هاشم و احمد اخلاصی و بهرام صالح صدق‌پور و کاوه شکوهی دهکردی. «تأثیرات نرم‌افزار Sketch up بر فرایند ترسیم اسکیس‌های معماری». در فصلنامۀ علمی پژوهشی باغ نظر، دورۀ 10, ش ۲۵ (تیرماه ۱۳۹۲)، ص۲۹-۳۸.
Amabile, Teresa M. “The Social Psychology of Creativity: A Componential Conceptualization”. In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 45, No. 2 (1983), pp. 357-376.
Arnheim, Rudolf. Visual Thinking. Univ of California Press, 1969.
Bilda, Zafer & Halime Demirkan. “An Insight on Designers’ Sketching Activities in Traditional Versus Digital Media”. in Design Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003), pp. 27-50.
Bloomenthal, Mark & Robert Zeleznik & Russell Fish & Loring Holden & Andrew Forsberg & Richard Riesenfeld & Matt Cutts, et al. “Sketch-N-Make: Automated Machining of Cad Sketches”, In Conference: ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences.
Brown, A.G.P. & F.F. Horton. “Computer Aids for Design Development”. In Computers in Architecture: Tools for Design. London: Longman, 1990.
Bruner, Jerome Seymour. On Knowing: Essays for the Left Hand. Harvard University Press, 1979.
Casakin, Hernan & Andrew Wodehouse. “A Systematic Review of Design Creativity in the Architectural Design Studio”. in Buildings, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2021), pp. 31-49.
Cheon, Sang-Uk & Byung Chul Kim & Duhwan Mun & Soonhung Han. “A Procedural Method to Exchange Editable 3d Data from a Free-Hand 2d Sketch Modeling System into 3d Mechanical Cad Systems”. In Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 44, No. 2 (2012), pp. 123-131.
Cölln, Martin C. & Kerstin Kusch & Jens R. Helmert & Petra Kohler & Boris M. Velichkovsky & Sebastian Pannasch. “Comparing Two Types of Engineering Visualizations: Task-Related Manipulations Matter”. In Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 43, No. 1 (2012), pp. 48-56.
Contero, Manuel & Ferran Naya & Joaquim Jorge & Julián Conesa. “Cigro: A Minimal Instruction Set Calligraphic Interface for Sketch-Based Modeling”. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2003. DOI:10.1007/3-540-44842-X_56
Daru, Roel. “Sketch as Sketch Can-Design Sketching with Imperfect Aids and Sketchpads of the Future”. In Experiences with CAAD in Education and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings], 1991.
Dinar, Mahmoud & Jami J. Shah & Jonathan Cagan & Larry Leifer & Julie Linsey & Steven M. Smith & Noe Vargas Hernandez. “Empirical Studies of Designer Thinking: Past, Present, and Future”. In Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 137, No. 2 (2015), 021101.
Do, Ellen Yi-Luen & Mark D. Gross & Bennett Neiman & Craig Zimring. “Intentions in and Relations among Design Drawings”. In Design Studies, Vol. 21, No. 5 (2000), pp. 483-503.
Do, Ellen Yi-Luen & Mark D. Gross. “Drawing as a Means to Design Reasoning”. In AI and Design, 1996.
Do, Ellen Yi-Luen & Mark D. Gross. ”Thinking with Diagrams in Architectural Design”. In Artificial Intelligence Review , 15(1) (2001), pp. 135-149.
Farrugia Philip, J. & C. Borg Jonathan & Xiu-Tian Yan & P. Camilleri Kenneth. “Drawing Standards for Early Design: Where Do We Stand?”. Guidelines for a Decision Support Method Adapted to NPD Processes (2007).
Fernández-Pacheco, D.G. & Julián Conesa & Nuria Aleixos & M. Contero. “An Agent-Based Paradigm for Free-Hand Sketch Recognition”. 2009. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-10291-2_35
Goel, Vinod. Sketches of Thought. MIt Press, 1995.
Goldschmidt, Gabriela. “The Dialectics of Sketching”. In Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1991), pp. 123-143.
________ . “On Visual Design Thinking: The Vis Kids of Architecture”. In Design Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1994), pp. 158-174.
Ibrahim, Rahinah & Farzad PourRahimian. “Comparison of Cad and Manual Sketching Tools for Teaching Architectural Design”. In Automation in Construction, Vol. 19, No. 8 (2010), pp. 978-987.
Israel, Johann Habakuk & Eva Wiese & Magdalena Mateescu & Christian Zöllner & Rainer Stark. “Investigating Three-Dimensional Sketching for Early Conceptual Design—Results from Expert Discussions and User Studies”. In Computers & Graphics, Vol. 33, No. 4 (2009), pp. 462-473.
Jin, Yan & Pawat Chusilp. “Study of Mental Iteration in Different Design Situations”. In Design Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1 (2006), pp. 25-55.
Johnson, Gabe & Mark D. Gross & Jason Hong & Ellen Yi-Luen Do. “Computational Support for Sketching in Design: A Review”. In Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2009), pp. 1-93.
Kara, Levent Burak & Thomas F. Stahovich. “An Image-Based, Trainable Symbol Recognizer for Hand-Drawn Sketches”. In Computers & Graphics, Vol. 29, No. 4 (2005), pp. 501-517.
Keshavarzi, Mohammad & Clayton Hutson & Chin-Yi Cheng & Mehdi Nourbakhsh & Michael Bergin & Mohammad Rahmani Asl. “Sketchopt: Sketch-Based Parametric Model Retrieval for Generative Design”. In arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.00261 (2020).
Kim, Yong Se & Byung Gu Kang. “Personal Characteristics and Design-Related Performances in a Creative Engineering Design Course”. CAD Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2003.
Kim, Yong Se & Mi Hyun Kim & Sun Tai Jin. “Cognitive Characteristics and Design Creativity: An Experimental Study”. In Paper Presented at the International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, 2005, pp. 309-317.
Kim, Yong Se & Sang Won Lee & Jung Ae Park & Ji Yun Jeong. “Creativity Training Programs for Cognitive Components of Creativity”. In Conference: International Associate of Societies of Design ResearchAt: Seoul, 2009.
Lawson, Bryan. How Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified. Routledge, 2006.
Lipson, Hod & Moshe Shpitalni. “Correlation-Based Reconstruction of a 3d Object from a Single Freehand Sketch”. SIGGRAPH '07: ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 courses.
Long, Allan Christian & James A. Landay & Lawrence A. Rowe & Joseph Michiels. “Visual Similarity of Pen Gestures”. In Conference: Proceedings of the CHI 2000 Conference on Human factors in computing systems, The Hague, The Netherlands, April 1-6, 2000.
Martens, Bob & André Brown. “Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures”. In Proceedings of the 11th International Caad Futures Conference Held at the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, on June 20-22, 2005. Springer Science & Business Media, 2005.
Masry, Mark & D. Kang & Hod Lipson. “A Freehand Sketching Interface for Progressive Construction of 3d Objects”. In Computers & Graphics, Vol. 29, No. 4 (2005), pp. 563-575.
McKim, Robert H. Experiences in Visual Thinking. Health, Fitness & Dieting, 1972.
Oh, Yeonjoo & Gaberial Johnson & Mark Gross & Ellen Yi-Luen Do. “The Designosaur and the Furniture Factory”, In Design Computing and Cognition’06, Springer, 2006, pp. 123-140.
Park, Jung Ae & Yong Se Kim. “Visual Reasoning and Design Processes”. In Conference: Proceedings of International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED 07, Design SocietyAt: Paris, 2007.
Prats, Miquel & Sungwoo Lim & Iestyn Jowers & Steve W. Garner & Scott Chase. “Transforming Shape in Design: Observations from Studies of Sketching”, In Design Studies, Vol. 30, No. 5 (2009), pp. 503-520.
Pye, David. The Nature of Design. London: Studio Vista, 1964.
Rauhala, Kari. “Playing Games: The Role of Computers in Sketching”. Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 631-635.
Rowan, Helen. “The Creative People: How to Spot Them”, In Think, New York: IBM Corp, Vol. 28, No. 10 (Nov.- Dec. 1962).
Rubine, Dean. “Specifying Gestures by Example”. In Computer Graphics, Vol. 25, No. 4 (July 1991), pp. 329-337.
Sannomiya, Machiko & Yosuke Yamaguchi. “Creativity Training in Causal Inference Using the Idea Post-Exposure Paradigm: Effects on Idea Generation in Junior High School Students”. In Thinking Skills and Creativity, 22 (2016), pp. 152-158.
Schon, Donald A. & Glenn Wiggins. “Kinds of Seeing and Their Functions in Designing”. In Design Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2 (1992), pp. 135-156.
Segers, N.M. & Bauke De Vries & H.H. Achten & H.J.P. Timmermans. “Towards Computer-Aided Support of Associative Reasoning in the Early Phase of Architectural Design”. In Proceedings of CAADRIA, 2001 (2001), pp. 19-21.
Stones, Catherine & Tom Cassidy. “Comparing Synthesis Strategies of Novice Graphic Designers Using Digital and Traditional Design Tools”. In Design Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1 (2007), pp. 59-72.
Sun, Lingyun & Wei Xiang & Chunlei Chai & Changlu Wang & Qi Huang. “Creative Segment: A Descriptive Theory Applied to Computer-Aided Sketching”. In Design Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1 (2014), pp. 54-79.
Tang, H.H. & Y.Y. Lee & J.S. Gero. “Comparing Collaborative Co-Located and Distributed Design Processes in Digital and Traditional Sketching Environments: A Protocol Study Using the Function–Behaviour–Structure Coding Scheme”. In Design Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (2011), pp. 1-29.
Tang, H.H. “Visual Reasoning and Knowledge in the Design Process”. 2003. https://hobbydocbox.com/Drawing_and_Sketching/88771843-Visual-reasoning-and-knowledge-in-the-design-process.html
Taura, Toshiharu & Eiko Yamamoto & Mohd Yusof NorFasiha & Masanori Goka & Futoshi Mukai & Yukari Nagai & Hideyuki Nakashima. “Constructive Simulation of Creative Concept Generation Process in Design: A Research Method for Difficult-to-Observe Design-Thinking Processes”. In Journal of Engineering Design, Vol. 23, No. 4 (2012), pp. 297-321.
Ullman, David G. & Stephen Wood & David Craig. “The Importance of Drawing in the Mechanical Design Process”. In Computers & Graphics, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1990), pp. 263-274.
Van der Lugt, Remko. “How Sketching Can Affect the Idea Generation Process in Design Group Meetings”. In Design Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2 (2005), pp. 101-122.
Van Gundy, Arthur B. Creative Problem Solving: A Guide for Trainers and Management. ABC-CLIO, 1987.
Van Sommers, Peter. Drawing and Cognition: Descriptive and Experimental Studies of Graphic Production Processes. Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Wobbrock, Jacob O. & Andrew D. Wilson & Yang Li. “Gestures without Libraries, Toolkits or Training: A $1 Recognizer for User Interface Prototypes”. UIST '07: Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, October 2007 pp. 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1145/1294211.1294238.
Xu, Peng & Chaitanya K. Joshi & Xavier Bresson. “Multigraph Transformer for Free-Hand Sketch Recognition”. In IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 2021.
Yuan, Ping & Yan Li & Jian Chen & Yan Xiong & Longfan Liu. “Experimental Study on the Associations among Sketches Based on Design Cognition”. In Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 140, No. 10 (2018).

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 02 May 2021
  • Revise Date: 21 October 2021
  • Accept Date: 26 October 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics