A Theoretical Modelling of the Associations between Housing and Family in the Light of Previous Research

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgangolestan university

2 PhD Candidate, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch

3 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch

Abstract

 
An understanding of the relationship between housing and the family is at the heart of any lifestyle-compliant housing design, without which no appropriate housing is feasible. Despite numerous studies about the relationship between housing and the family, no studies are found which systematically identifies and categorises this relationship. The present research intends to address the above shortcoming through a content analysis of previous research, and provide a theoretical model of how this relationship is. To do so, a qualitative approach was adopted, and using targeted sampling, an initial list of studies in this field was prepared, using library and electronic searches on resources dating from 1969 to 2018. In the final stage 77 relevant cases were shortlisted, and using content analysis, the housing and family components of the shortlist were extracted and coded. This was followed with the classification, interpretation and analysis of components, and a theoretical model of the relationship was presented. The results showed that, as emphasised by previous researches, spatial organisation is the most strongly associated aspect with the family, followed by physical characteristics, semantic orders and the behavioural settings. On the other hand, of the main five family features, the relationship between the socio-cultural characteristics of the family and housing was most emphasised, followed by the interactive-communicative, structural, economic-livelihood and demographic characteristics. To conclude, a theoretical model for the relationship between housing and family components was proposed. It is necessary to mention that this model needs to be put into test through field studies.
 

Keywords


اخوت، هانیه­السادات. «بررسی تطبیقی ابعاد حریم در مسکن سنتی و معاصر با استفاده از مدل تحلیلی BDSR»، در مسکن و محیط روستا، ش 142 (تابستان 1392)، ص 97-112.
افشاری، محسن و شهرام پوردیهیمی. «مقیاس­های روش زندگی در مسکن»، در مسکن و محیط روستا، ش 154 (تابستان 1395)، ص 3-16.
پوردیهیمی، شهرام. «فرهنگ و مسکن»، در مسکن و محیط روستا، ش134 (تابستان 1390)، ص 3-18.
پوردیهیمی، شهرام و سعید مشایخ فریدنی و عبدالمجید نورتقانی. «هویت و مسکن؛ بررسی سازوکار تعامل هویت ساکنین و محیط مسکونی»، در مسکن و محیط روستا، ش 141 (بهار 1392)، ص 3-18.
تقوی، نعمت­الله. مبانی جمعیت­شناسی، تبریز: جامعه­پژوه و دانیال، 1395.
حسینی، اکرم و تکتم جعفرزاده بناء و رهبان فهیمه. «تدوین دستور زبان طراحی قلمروهای فضایی مسکن به منظور بهبود تعامل اعضای خانواده»، در مسکن و محیط روستا، ش 154 (تابستان 1395)، ص 41-58.
خاکپور، مژگان و علی شیخ مهدی. «بررسی تأثیر فرهنگ و تغییرات اجتماعی بر مسکن روستایی گیلان»، در مدیریت شهری، ش 27 (بهار و تابستان 1390)، ص 229-245.
خاکپور، مژگان و مجتبی انصاری و علی شیخ مهدی و محمود طاووسی. «ویژگی­های اجتماعی­ـ فرهنگی مسکن بومی»، در مسکن و محیط روستا، ش 149 (بهار 1394)، ص 3-14.
ساروخانی، باقر. مقدمه­ای بر جامعه­شناسی خانواده، تهران: سروش، 1393.
سیادتان، سعیدرضا و محمدرضا پورجعفر. «آزمون کاربرد گراف توجیهی در معماری ایرانی­ـ اسلامی؛ نمونه­های موردی: خانۀ رسولیان یزد، خانه­ای در ماسوله». در نقش جهان، ش 8 (1393)، ص 27-39.
عبدالحسینی، جواد. «سازگار کردن طراحی خانه­های مسکونی تبریز و باکو با فرهنگ و اقلیم بومی»، در فصلنامه باغ نظر، ش 18 (پاییز 1390)، ص 13-24.
علی­الحسابی، مهران و نعیمه کرانی. «عوامل تأثیرگذار بر تحول مسکن از گذشته تا آینده»، در مسکن و محیط روستا،  ش 141 (بهار 1392)، ص 19-36.
غروی الخوانساری، مریم. «راهکارهایی برای انعطاف­پذیری مسکن معاصر با توجه به تغییرات الگوی خانواده در طی زمان»، در صفه، ش 82 (پاییز 1397)، ص 27-49.
فاضلی، نعمت­الله. «مدرنیته و مسکن (رویکردی مردم­نگارانه به مفهوم خانه، سبک زندگی روستایی و تحولات امروزی آن)»، در تحقیقات فرهنگی ایران، ش 1 (بهار 1387)، ص 25-63.
فردانش، فرزین و پریسا محمدحسینی و علی­اکبر حیدری. «تحلیل فرهنگی خانۀ سلماسی تبریز بر اساس نظریۀ راپاپورت»، در مطالعات معماری ایران، ش 5 (بهار و تابستان 1393)، ص81-99.
گروت، لیندا و دیوید وانگ. روش­های تحقیق در معماری، ترجمۀ علیرضا عینی­فر، تهران: دانشگاه تهران، 1386.
مداحی، سیدمهدی و غلامحسین معماریان. «تجزیه­وتحلیل پیکره­بندی فضایی خانه­های بومی با رویکرد نحو فضا؛ نمونۀ موردی: شهر بُشرویه»، در مسکن و محیط روستا، ش 156 (زمستان 1395)، ص 49-66.
مداحی، سیدمهدی و غلامحسین معماریان. «خوانش پیوند سازمان فضایی خانه و شیوۀ زندگی در معماری بومی؛ مطالعۀ موردی: شهر بُشرویه»، در مسکن و محیط روستا، ش 164 (زمستان 1397)، ص 64- 84.
معماریان، غلامحسین و سیدمجید هاشمی طغرالجردی و حسام کمالی­پور. «تأثیر فرهنگ دینی بر شکل­گیری خانه: مقایسۀ تطبیقی خانه در محلۀ مسلمانان، زرتشتیان و یهودیان کرمان»، در فصلنامۀ تحقیقات فرهنگی ایران: ش 10 (تابستان 1389)، ص 1-25.
یزدان­فر، عباس و باقر حسینی و مصطفی زرودی. «فرهنگ و شکل خانه؛ مطالعۀ موردی: خانه­های سنتی شهرستان تنکابن و رامسر»، در مسکن و محیط روستا، ش 144 (زمستان 1392)، ص 17-32.
یزدانفر، سیدعباس و مهسا ضرابی الحسینی. «تأثیر شیوۀ زندگی بر سازمان فضایی خانه؛ مطالعۀ موردی: شهرستان ارومیه»، در نشریه معماری و شهرسازی ایران، دوره 1، ش 10 (بهار 1394)، ص 45-61.
 
Ahrentzen, S.B. “A Place of Peace, Prospect, and… a PC: The Home as Office”, in Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 6:4 (Winter 1989), pp. 271-288.
Al Husban, S.A. & A.A. Al Husban & Y. Al Betawi. “The Impact of the Cultural Beliefs on Forming and Designing Spatial Organizations, Spaces Hierarchy, and Privacy of Detached Houses and Apartments in Jordan”, in Space and Culture, 2018. 1206331218791934.
Alitajer, S. & G.M. Nojoumi. “Privacy at Home: Analysis of Behavioral Patterns in the Spatial Configuration of Traditional and Modern Houses in the City of Hamedan Based on the Notion of Space Syntax”, in Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5(3) (2016), pp. 341-352.
Asif, N. & N. Utaberta & A.B. Sabil & S. Ismail. “Reflection of Cultural Practices on Syntactical Values: An Introduction to the Application of Space Syntax to Vernacular Malay Architecture”, in Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7(4) (2018), pp. 521-529.
Atak, Ö. & G. Çağdaş. “The Reflection of Religious Diversity and Socio-cultural Meaning on the Spatial Configuration of Traditional Kayseri Houses”, in A| Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 12(3) (2015), pp. 249-265.
Bachelard, G. The Poetics of Space, Boston MA: Beacon Press. 1994.
Bandyopadhyay, A. & A.N. Merchant. “Space Syntax Analysis of Colonial Houses in India”, in Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 33(6) (2006), pp. 923-942.
Barker, R.G. Ecological Psychology: Concepts and Methods for Studying the Environment of Human Behavior, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,1968.
Bellal, T. & A. Tacherifte. “SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS IN TRADITIONAL M’ZABITE HOUSES”, in Sciences & Technologie. A, Sciences Exactes, (19) (2003), pp. 121-138.
Bellal, T. “Understanding Home Cultures through Syntactic Analysis: the Case of Berber Housing”, in Housing, Theory and Society, 21(3) (2004), pp. 111-127.
Bellal, T. “Gender and Zones of Users in Traditional Berber M’zab Houses”, in International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 3 No. 19 (November 2013), pp. 60-73
Bienkowski, P. & B. Chlebik. “Changing Places: Architecture and Spatial Organization of the Bedul in Petra”, in Levant, 23(1) (1991), pp. 147-180.
Bikoulis, P. “Neolithic Houses and Households in Central Anatolia in Multi-regional Perspective”, in vis-à-vis: Explorations in Anthropology, 12(1) (2013).
Blanton, R.E. Houses and Households: A Comparative Study, Springer Science & Business Media, 1994.
Brown, F. & T. Bellal. “Comparative Analysis of M’zabite and other Berber Domestic Spaces”, in 3rd International Space Syntax Symposium, Atlanta, (2001, May), pp. 41-1.
Catalano, A. “Patterns of Graduate Students’ Information Seeking Behavior: a Meta‐synthesis of the Literature”, in Journal of Documentation, Vol. 69, No. 2(32) (2013), pp. 243-274.
Chapman, T. & J.L. Hockey (Eds.). Ideal Homes?: Social Change and Domestic Life, Psychology Press, 1999.
Cil, E. “Space, Practice, Memory: the Transformations of the Houses in Kula, a Town in Anatolia”, in 6th international Space Syntax Symposium, Istambul, 2007, pp. 1-60.
Creswell, J.W. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.
Cunha, V. “Can Genotype Patterns Change Over Time”, in 8th international Space Syntax Symposium, Chili , 2012, p. 8225.
Cutting, M. “More than one Way to Study a Building: Approaches to Prehistoric Household and Settlement Space”, in Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 25(3) (2006), pp. 225-246.
Dawson, P. “Seeing Like an Inuit Family: The Relationship between House Form and Culture in Northern Canada”, in Études/Inuit/ Studies, 30(2) (2006), pp. 113-135.
de França, F.C. & F.R.B. de Holanda. “My Bedroom, My World: Domestic Space between Modern ity and Tradition”, in 4th International Space Syntax Symposium, London, 2003. Retrieved from http://www. Space Syntax. net/symposiaarchive/.../24Franca-Holandapaper. pdf.
Deshpande, R. & R. Kotharkar. “‘Dwellings’ then and now. A Topological Approach for Privacy Analysis of ‘Wada’ and Modern Houses”, in Proceedings of the 10th International Space Syntax Symposium, 2015.
Furlan, R. “The Spatial Form of Houses Built by Italian Migrants in post WWII Brisbane, Australia”, Qatar University, Qatar; University of Queensland, Australia, 2015.
Gifford, R. Environmental Psychology: Principles and Practice, Colville, WA: Optimal books, 2007.
Glaser, B. & A. Strauss. “Grounded Theory: The Discovery of Grounded Theory”, in Sociology the Journal of the British Sociological Association, 12(1) (1967), pp. 27-49.
Gnivecki, P. “On the Quantitative Derivation of Household Spatial Organization from Archaeological Residues in Ancient Mesopotamia”, in Method and Theory for Activity Area Research: An EthnoArchaeological Approach, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987, pp. 176-235.
Graham, L.T. & S.D. Gosling & C.K. Travis. “The Psychology of Home Environments: A Call for Research on Residential Space”, in Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(3) (2015), pp. 346-356.
Guney, Y.I. & J. Wineman. “The Evolving Design of 20th-Century Apartments in Ankara”, in Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 35(4) (2008), pp. 627-646.
Hanson, J. Decoding Homes and Houses, Cambridge university press, 2003.
Hayward, D.G. Home as an Environmental and psychological Concept, Place of publication not identified, 1975.
Hayward, G. “Psychological Concepts of Home among Urban Middle Class Families with Young Children”, in Journal of Institute of Planners, (1977).
Hillier, B. & J. Hanson. The Social logic of Space, Cambridge university press, 1989.
Heidari, A.A. & H.P. Mohammad & N. Behdadfar. Reading a Home: An Application of Rapoport’s Viewpoint in Iranian Architecture Studies, 2014.
Iqbal, M.M. & T. Higuchi & A. Ueda & K. Miyazaki. “Evolution of Old Dhaka’s House Form in the 20th Century”, in PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF JSSD THE 53rd ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF JSSD, Japanese Society for the Science of Design, 2006, pp. 101-101.
Iqbal, M.M. & T. Higuchi & K. Miyazaki. “Old Dhaka’s House Form in the 20th Century: a Study on Family Structure, Women’s Status, and Exterior-interior Relation”, in Bulletin of Japanese Society for the Science of Design, 55(1) (2008), pp. 55-64.
Jeong, S.K. & Y.U. Ban. “The Spatial Configurations in South Korean Apartments Built between 1972 and 2000”, in Habitat International, 42 (2014), pp. 90-102.
Karaman, F. & O. Erman. “FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN: CHANGES IN THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES IN TURKEY”, in International Journal of Academic Research, 6(5) (2014).
Kent, S. “Partitioning Space: Cross-cultural Factors Influencing Domestic Spatial Segmentation”, in Environment and Behavior, 23(4) (1991), pp. 438-473.
King, G. “Some Observations on the Architecture of Southwest Saudi Arabia”, in Architectural Association Quarterly, 8(1) (1976), pp. 20-29.
Kotharkar, R. & R. Deshpande. “A Comparative Study of TransFormations in Traditional House Form: The Case of Nagpur Region, India”, in J Int Soc Study Venarcular Settlements, 2(2) (2012), pp. 17-33.
Kramer, C. “An Archaeological View of a Contemporary Kurdish Village: Domestic Architecture, Household Size, and Wealth”, in Ethnoarchaeology: Implications of Ethnography for Archaeology, 1979, pp. 139-163.
Kron, J. Home-psych: The Social Psychology of Home and Decoration, New York, NY: Potter, 1983.
Lawrence, R.J. “A Psychological—spatial Approach for Architectural Design and Research”, in Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2(1) (1982), pp. 37-51.
________ . “What Makes a House a Home?”, in Environment and Behavior, 19(2) (1987), pp. 154-168.
Lawrence, D.L. & S.M. Low. “The Built Environment and Spatial Form”, in Annual review of Anthropology, 19(1) (1990), pp. 453-505.
Lee, J. “A Grounded Theory: Integration and Internalization in ERP Adoption and Use”, in Digital Commons@University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2001.
Lee, R.J. & M.T. Bale. “Social Change and Household Geography in Mumun Period South Korea”, in Journal of Anthropological Research, 72(2) (2016), pp. 178-199.
Levin, I. Migration, Settlement, and the Concepts of House and Home, Routledge, 2015.
Maina, J.J. “Constants Amidst Change: Socio-Cultural Factors Influencing House Form in Tangale Land”, Northeast Nigeria”, in Journal of the International Society for the Study of Vernacular Settlements e-Journal, 2(4) (2013), pp. 23-40.
________ . “Discovering Hidden Patterns: An Overview of Space Syntax Methods in Architecture and Housing Research”, in Department of Architecture Seminar Series, Department of Architecture Seminar Series, 2014, pp. 18-33.
________ . “Uncomfortable Prototypes: Rethinking Socio-cultural Factors for the Design of Public Housing in Billiri, North East Nigeria”, in Frontiers of Architectural Research, 2(3) (2013), pp. 310-321.
Marcus, C.C. House as a Mirror of Self: Exploring the Deeper Meaning of Home, Nicolas-Hays, Inc, 2006.
McGuire, R.H. & M.B. Schiffer. “A Theory of Architectural Design”, in Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2(3) (1983), pp. 277-303.
Mustafa, F.A. & A.S. Hassan & S.Y. Baper. “Using Space Syntax Analysis in Detecting Privacy: a Comparative Study of Traditional and Modern House layouts in Erbil City, Iraq”, in Asian Social Science, 6(8) (2010), p. 157.
Netting, R.M. “Some Home truths on Household Size and Wealth”, in American Behavioral Scientist, 25(6) (1982), pp. 641-662.
Nezhad, A.K. & K.H. Bastani. “Common Socio-spatial Aspects of Historic Houses in Ardabil, Iran”, in Proceedings of Eighth International Space Syntax Symposium: Santiago de Chile, 2012, January, pp. 8012-1.
Orhun, D. & B. Hillier & J. Hanson. “Socialising Spatial Types in Traditional Turkish Houses”, in Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 23(3) (1996), pp. 329-351.
Ozaki, R. “House Design as a Representation of Values and Lifestyles: The Meaning of use of Domestic Space”, in Housing, Space and quality of life, Routledge, 2017, pp. 107-122.
Peatross, F.D. & M.J. Hasell. “Changing Lives/changing Spaces: An Investigation of the Relationships between Gender Orientation and Behaviors, and Spatial Preferences in Residential Kitchens”, in Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 9(3) (1992), pp. 239-257.
Rapoport, A. “Culture, Architecture, and Design”, in Architectural and Planning Research Book Series, Chicago: Locke Science Pub. Co., 2005.
________ . “On the Cultural Origins of Settlements”, in Introduction to Urban Planning,New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979, pp. 31-36.
________ . “Theory, Culture and Housing”, in Housing, Theory and Society, 17(4) (2000), pp. 145-165.
________ . “Thinking about Home Environments”, in Home Environments, Springer, Boston, MA: 1985, pp. 255-286.
________ . “Using «Culture» in Housing Design”, in Housing and Society, 25(1-2) (1998), pp. 1-20.
________ . House Form and Culture, Prentice-Hall of India Private Ltd.: New Delhi, India, 1969.
________ . Housing and Identity. Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Holmes & Meier, 1982.
________ . The Meaning of the Built Environment: A Nonverbal Communication Approach, University of Arizona Press, 1990.
Saatci, M. & D.E. Onder. “Spatial Hierarchy on Vernacular Houses in Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey”, in Proceedings of the 10th International Space Syntax Symposium, London: Space Syntax Laboratory, 2015, pp. 1-17.
Sandelowski, M. & J. Barroso & C.I. Voils. “Using Qualitative Metasummary to Synthesize Qualitative and Quantitative Descriptive Findings”, in Research in Nursing & Health, 30(1) (2007), pp. 99-111.
Schwerdtfeger, F.W. Traditional Housing in African cities: A Comparative Study of Houses in Zaria, Ibadan and Marrakech, John Wiley & Sons, 1982.
Shabani, M.M. & M.M. Tahir & H. Shabankareh & H. Arjmandi & F. Mazaheri. “Relation of Cultural and Social attributes in Dwelling, Responding to Privacy in Iranian Traditional House”, in e-BANGI, 8(1) (2017).
Strauss, A. & J. Corbin. Basics of Qualitative Research Techniques, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications, 1998.
Toker, U. & Z. Toker. “Family Structure and Spatial Configuration in Turkish House Form in Anatolia from Late Nineteenth Century to Late Twentieth Century”, in Proceedings–4th International Space Syntax Symposium, London: University College London, 2003.
Toker, Z. “New Housing for New Households: Comparing Cohousing and New Urbanist Developments with Women in Mind”, in Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 27(4) (2010), pp. 325-339.
________ . Women’s Spatial Needs in Housing: Accomodating Gender Ideologies, Use Patterns, and Privacy, Raleigh: Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University, 2005.
Trusiani, E. & D. Rigatti. “Italian Immigration in Southern Brazil: Reproduction and Innovation in the Layout of Rural Houses through the Space Syntax Theory”, in Oculum Ensaios, 13(1) (2016).
Uyar, G. & S. Griffiths. “A Configurational Approach to Vernacular Domestic Architecture: ‘Traditional’ Houses in Turkey, Japan and Britain”, in Proceedings-11th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2017, International Space Syntax Symposia, (2017, January), pp. 32:1-16.
Vialard, A. & S. Bafna. Syntax of Change in the Mid-twentieth Century American House, 2009.
Werner, C.M. & I. Altman & D. Oxley. “Temporal Aspects of Homes”, in Home Environments, Boston, MA: Springer, 1985, pp. 1-32.
Whiting, J.W. & B. Ayres. “Inferences from the Shape of Dwellings”, in Settlement Archaeology, 1 (1968), pp. 17-33.