This article surveys the evolution of concepts regarding the meaning of space in 19th and 20th Century. It first reviews the etymological development of the concept of space, in particular in view of the theories of Kant and Semper and later those of environmental psychologist. It is concluded that in 19th century, the meaning of space evolved from a material enclosure to a continuum linking inside to outside. The Empathy Theory explained space as the extension of the body. In the 20th century, space defined the relationship of human beings to their environment and was linked to the concept of place. The evolution of space notion was in line with consideration of the role of human beings. Although the interaction of human beings and architecture is not given due consideration.
آرنهایم، رودُلف. پویه شناسی صور معماری، ترجمۀ مهرداد قیومی بیدهندی، تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاهها )سمت(، فرهنگستان هنر جمهوری اسلامی ایران، 1382 .
حجت، مهدی. «فضا »، در رواق، ) ۱۳۷۷ (، ص . 11-17
کالینز، پیتر. تاریخ تئوری معماری: دگرگونی آرمانها در معماری مدرن، ترجمۀ حسین حسن پور، تهران: نشر قطره، 1375 .
Forty, Adrian. Words and Buildings: A Vocabulary of Modern Architecture, London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, first published, 2000.
Giedion, Sigfried. The Eternal Present. The Beginnings of Architecture: A Contribution on Constancy and Change, London: Oxford University Press, 1964.
________ . Architecture and the Phenomena of Transition: The Three Conceptions in Architecture, Harvard University Press, 1971.
Heidegger, Martin. Poetry, Language, Thought, translations and introduction by: Albert Hofstader, New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1971.
Joedicke, Jürgen. Space and Form in Achitecture: A Circumspect Approach to the Past, Stuttgart: Karl Krämer, 1985.
Kwinter, Sanford. “La Città Nouva: Modernity and Continuity”, in Hays, K. Michael (ed.), Architecture theory scince 1968, New York: The MIT Press, 1984, pp: 586- 612.
Moholy_ Nagy, Laszlo. The New Vision and Abstract of an Artist, Fourth revised Edition, New York: George Wittenborn, 1947.
Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Existence, Space and Architecture, London: Studio Vista, 1971
________ . Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture, London: Academy Editions, 1980.
Rykwert, Joeseph. On Adam’s House in Paradise: The idea of primitive hut in architectural history, second edition, New York: The MIT Press, 1981.
Tschumi, Bernard. Questions of Space: lectures on Architecture, London: Bernard Tschumi and the Achitectural Association, 1990. Vitruvius. The Ten Books on Architecture, translated by Morris Hicky Morgan, New York: Dover Publications, 1960.
Worringer, Wilhelm. Absraction and Empathy: A Contribution to Psychology of Style, translated from the German by Michael Bullock, Chicago: Elephant Paperbacks, 1997.
Zucker, Paul. “The Paradox of Architectural Theories at the Beginning of the ‘Modern Movement’”,in The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 10, No. 3. (Oct., 1958), pp. 8- 14, quoted in: http://www.jstor.org in: Wed Jul 25 11:13:55 2007.
)
