Launching an Integrated Policy-Making Structure Opportunities and Obstacles in Applying a Collaborative Approach in Tehran Metropolis

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

1 Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University

2 PhD Candidate, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University

Abstract

Urban planning is an attempt to integrate diverse and usually conflicting interests. Nevertheless, since stakeholders compete solely for their respective sectoral interests, many urban problems are not resolved in the planning process leading to a deadlock in key planning areas. As a metropolitan capital, Tehran faces a similar situation with multiple stakeholders, both at national and city levels, who influence the implementation of its urban master. This research attempts to assess the feasibility of applying a collaborative approach to the urban planning process in Tehran. For this purpose, it aims at (i) identifying opportunities and barriers for employing this approach; and (ii) analyzing their impact on the feasibility of this approach. The research is conducted in four stages. In the first two stages, a literature survey is undertaken to develop the theoretical and conceptual framework for intervention. The third stage uses a variety of analytical techniques including selection of critical case, qualitative content analysis and force field analysis. The fourth stage stipulates methods for promoting the collaborative approach in the planning process at three levels: city, district and neighborhood. As a result, two research areas of ‘Integrated Policy-Making Structures’ and ‘Collaborative Approach’ are detailed and methods for their integration are proposed. Another achievement of this research is employing force field analyses, the application of which in this area has been very limited .

References

  1. ایسنا (1385). گزارش‌های ‌تفصیلی اولین کارگاه نقد محتوای طرح جامع تهران در ایسنا، بخش اول، قابل دسترسی در: www. isna.ir ، (تاریخ دسترسی: 6 مهر 1388).
  2. باردن، ل. (1374). تحلیل محتوا، ترجمۀ آشتیانی، م. و یمنی دوزی سرخابی، م.، نشر دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
  3. معاونت شهرسازی و معماری شهرداری تهران (1382). بررسی مسائل توسعۀ شهری منطقۀ یک شهر تهران، مهندسین مشاور بافت شهر.
  4. معاونت شهرسازی و معماری شهرداری تهران (1384). الگوی توسعۀ منطقۀ یک شهر تهران، مهندسین مشاور بافت شهر.
  5. ‌‌‌‌شهرداری منطقۀ یک شهر تهران (1388). سند توسعۀ محله‌ای منطقۀ یک شهر تهران در سال 1388.
  6. شورایعالی شهرسازی و معماری ایران (1386). سند اصلی مصوب طرح جامع شهر تهران، مهندسین مشاور بوم‌سازگان.
  7. Alexander, E. R. (2005). Iinstitutional Transformation and Planning: From Iinstitualization Theory to Institutional Design, Planning Theory, 4(3): 209–223.
  8. Allmendinger, P. (2009). Planning Theory, 2nd ed., Palgrave: Hampshire, UK.
  9. Ajimal, K. S. (1985). Force Field Analysis A Framework for Strategic Thinking, Long Range Planning, 18 (5): 55-60.
  10. Bell, S. (2002). Institutionalism, in Government, Politics, Power and Policy in Australia, 7th ed., Summers, J (ed.), Pearson Education Australia: NSW, Australia.
  11. Berger, G. & Steurer, R. (2009). Horizontal Policy Integration and Sustainable Development: Conceptual Remarks and Governance Examples, European Sustainable Development Network Quarterly Report.
  12. Birner, R., & Wittner, H. (2000). Converting Social Capital into Political Capital: How do Local Communities Gain Political Influence? Conference Paper Submitted to International Association for the Study of Common Property.
  13. Boella, G. & van der Torre, L. (2006). Coordination and Organization: Definitions, Examples and Future Research Directions. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. 150 (3): 3–20.
  14. Booher, D., & Innes, J. (2003). The Impact of Collaborative Planning on Governance Capacity, Institute of Urban & Regional Development, IURD Working Paper Series, Paper WP-2003–03, available online at: http://repositories.cdlib.org/iurd/wps/WP-2003–03, (accessed 04 20 2006).
  15. Booth, J. A., & Richard, P. B. (1997). Civil society, Political Capital, and Democratization in Central America. Prepared for Presentation at the XXI International Congress of the Latin American Studies. Association, Guadalajara, Mexico.
  16. Bornemann, B. (2007). Sustainable Development and Policy Integration – Some Conceptual Clarifications, Paper for the Marie Curie Summer School on Earth System Governance, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
  17. Boundless (2014). Increasing Coordination, Boundless Business, Boundless, available online at: https://www.boundless.com/business/textbooks/boundless-business-textbook/organizational-structure-9/trends-in-organization-68/increasing-coordination-326-3984/ (access in 11 26 2014).
  18. Brand, R. & Gaffikin, F. (2007). Collaborative Planning in an Uncollaborative World, Planning Theory, 6 (3): 282-313.
  19. Briassoulis, H, (2005). Complex Environmental Problems and the Quest for Policy Integration, Policy Integration for Complex Environmental Problems, Briassoulis, H. (ed.) Asggate: Aldershot, Greece.
  20. Briassoulis, H. (2004). Policy Integration for Complex Policy Problems: What, Why and How, Paper presented at the 2004 Berlin Conference “Greening of Policies: Interlinkages and Policy Integration”.
  21. Christensen, K. S. (1999). Cities and Complexity- Making Intergovernmental Decisions, Sage: London, UK.
  22. Deduction & Induction, Research Methods Knowledge Base (2006). available online at: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/dedind.php, (accessed in 12 22 2014).
  23. Davis Jr. &Thomas P, (2004). Food for the Hungry, Barrier Analysis: A Tool for Improving Behavior Change Communication in Child Survival and Community Development Programs: Washington, DC, USA.
  24. diSessa, A. A. (2014). The Construction of Causal Schemes: Learning Mechanisms at the Knowledge Level, Cognitive Science, 38 (5): 795–850,
  25. Edier, W. J. (1998). The New Regionalism, The Economic Journal, 108 (449): 1149-1161.
  26. Faludi, A. (2000). The Performance of Spatial Planning, Planning Practice and Research, 15(4): 229-318.
  27. Feinstein, S. S. (1999). New Directions in Planning Theory, the Planning Research Confrence, the University of Sheffield.
  28. Flyvbjerg, M. (2006). Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research, Qualitative Inquiry, 12 (2): 219-245
  29. Forster, J. (1989). Planning in the Face of Power, University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA.
  30. Franco, A. L., Cushman, M. & Rosenhead, J. (2006). Facilitating collaboration across organisational boundaries: an exploratory study using problem structuring methods, presented at Coordination and Cooperation across Organisational Boundaries, 20-21 April 2006, Dipartimento Scienze dell'Economia e della Gestione Aziendale, Università Cattolica Milan, Italy, available online at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/8070/ (accessed in 06 09 2012).
  31. Friedman, J. (1973). Retracking America- A theory of Transactive Planning. Anchor Press: New York, USA.
  32. Gray, B. (1985). Conditions Faciliating Interorganizational Collaboration, Human Relations, 38 (10): 911-936.
  33. Geerlings, H. & Stead, D. (2003). Integrating Transport, Land-Use Planning and Environment Policy in European Countries, EJTIR, 2 (3/4): 215-232.
  34. Gerhard, B., Schurink, W., & Roodt, G. (2007). Towards a Substantive Theory of Synergy, Journal of Human Resource Management, 5 (2): 9-19.
  35. Hajer, M. (1995). The Politics of Environmental Discourse, Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process. Clarendon: Oxford, UK.
  36. Hajer, M. & Wagenaar, H. (2003). Introduction, in Deliberative Policy Analysis - Understanding Governance in the Network Society, Hajer, M. and Wagenaar (eds.), Cambridge University Press: Cambidg, UK.
  37. Hall, P.A. & Taylor, R. (1998). Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms’, Political Studies, 4 (5): 936-957.
  38. Hall, S. (1992). The Question of Cultural Identity, in Modernity and it's Futures, S. Hall, Held, D., & McGrew, T. (eds.), Polity Press: Cambridge, UK.
  39. Harris, N. (2002). Collaborative Planning: From Theoretical Foundations to Practice Forms, in Planning Futures: New Directions for Planning Theory, Allmendinger, P. & Tewder-Jones, M. (eds.), Routledge Press: London, UK.
  40. Healey, P. (1997). Collaborative Planning; Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies, UBC Press: Vancouver, Canada.
  41. Holden, M. (2012). Is Integrated Planning any More than the Sum of Its Parts? Considerations for Planning Sustainable Cities, Journal Of Planning Education and Research, 32 (3): 305-318.
  42. Holland, J. (2007). Tools for Institutional, Political, and Social Analysis of Policy Reform: A Sourcebook for Development Practitioners, World Bank Publications, Washington DC, USA.
  43. Hovik, S. & Stokke, K. B. (2007). Network Government and Policy Integration- the Case of Regional Coastal Zone planning in Norway, European Studies, 15(7): 927-944.
  44. Howlet, M., Ramesh, M., & Perl, A. (2009). Studying Public Policy, 3 rd ed., Oxford University Press: Toronto, Canada.
  45. Hutchinson, R. (2010). Encyclopedia of Urban Studies, Sage: London, UK.
  46. Innes, J. (1995) Planning Theory’s Emerging Paradigm: Communicative Action and Interactive Practice’, Journal of Planning Education and Research 14(3): 183–90.
  47. Innes, J. E. & Booher, D. E. (1999). Consensus Building as Role Playing and Bricolage, Journal of the American Planning Association, 65(1): 9-26.
  48. Innes, J., Gruber, J., Neuman, M., and Thompson, R. (1994). Coordinating Growth and Environmental Management through Consensus Building, Report to the California Policy Seminar, Vol. 1,University of California: Berkeley, CA, USA.
  49. Innes, J. E. & Booher, D. E. (1999). Consensus Building and Complex Adaptive Systems, Jurnal of the American Plnning Association, 65 (4): 412-423.
  50. Krippendorff, K. (2013) Content Analysis, an Introduction to its Methodology, 3rd edition, Sage Publications: California, USA.
  51. Kroesena, M. & Bröer, C. (2009) Policy Discourse, People’s Internal Frames, and Declared Aircraft Noise Annoyance: an application of Q-methodology, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 126 (1): 195–207.
  52. Kidd, S (2007). Towards a Framework of Integration in Spatial Planning: an Exploration from a Health, Planning Theory & Practice, 8(2): 161-181.
  53. Knox, C. (2003) Joined-up Government, Policy and Politics, 31: 20–35.
  54. Lovering, J. (2002). Theory Led by Policy: The Inadequecies of the New Regionalism- Illistrated from the Case of Wales, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23 (2): 379-395.
  55. Lowndes, V. (1996). Varieties of New Institutionalism, Public Administration, 74 (2): 181-97.
  56. Marr, B., Schiuma, G., & Neely, A. (2004). Intellectual Capital–Defining Key Performance Indicators for Organizational Knowledge Assets, Business Process Management Journal, 10 (5): 551-569.
  57. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
  58. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
  59. Peters, B.G. (1998). Managing Horizontal Government, the Politics of Coordination, Research Paper 21, Canadian Centre for Management Development: Ottawa, Canada.
  60. Reed , M. S., Evely, A. C., Cundill, G., Fazey, I., Glass, J., Laing, A., Newig, J., Parrish, B., Prell, C., Raymond, C., & Stringer, L. (2010). What is social learning, Ecology and Society, 15 (4): ND.
  61. Rittel, H. W. J. & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a General Theory of planning, Policy Sciences. 4: 155-169.
  62. Robert, J. Stumm, T.,de Vet, J. M., Reincke, C.J., Hollanders, M., Figueiredo, M. A. (2001) Patial Impacts of Community Policies and Costs of non-co-ordination, ERDF Contract 99.00.27.156, Directorate-General “Regional Policy” European Commission, Brussels.
  63. Rydin, Y. & Pennington, M. (2000). Public Participation and Local Environmental Planning: the Collective Action Problem and the Potential of Social Capital, Local Environment, 5 (2): 153-169.
  64. Seal, S. (2012). Researching Society and Culture. 3rd ed., Sage: London, UK.
  65. Selin, S. & Chavex, D. (2005). Developoning a Collaborative Model for environmental Planning and Management, Environmental Management, 19 (2): 189-195.
  66. Shannon, M. A. & Schmidt, C. H. (2002). Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Intersectoral Policy Integration, in Cross-sectoral Policy Impacts on Forests, Tikkanen I, Gluck P, Pajuoja H. (ediroes), Proceedings of European Forest Institute, 46: 15-26.
  67. Shotter, J. (1993). Conversational Realities: Constructing Life through Language, Sage: London, UK.
  68. Stead, D. & Meijers, E. (2009). Spatial Planning and Policy Integration: Concepts, Facilitators and Inhibitors, Planning Theory & Practice, 10 (3): 317-332.
  69. Stead D, & Meijers, E. (2004). Policy Integration in Practice: Some Experiences of Integrating Transport, Land Use Planning and Environmental Policies in Local Government. Paper Presented at The Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental: Greening of policies-interlinkages and policy integration.
  70. Stol, H. (2009) A Framework for Evidence-Based Policy-Making Using IT, Eburon: Delft, Netherlands.
  71. Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2012). Cognitive Psychology. 6th ed, Wadsworth: Belmont, CA, USA.
  72. Swartz, D. L. (2007). Recasting power in its third Dimension, Review of Lukes, S. (2005) Power: A Radical View, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, Theory and Society, 36 (1): 103-109.
  73. Thomas, J. (1985). Force Field Analysis: A New Way to Evaluate Your Strategy, Long Range Planning, 18(6: 54- 59.
  74. Tsekos, T. (2003). Towards Integrated Policy Making: Remedying the Public Action Dichotomy through Information and Communication Technologies and Learning", in State Modernization and Decentralization. Implications for Education and Training in Public Administration: Selected Central European and Global Perspectives, Rosenbaum, A. & Gajdosova L, (eds.), International Association of Administration Worldwide.
  75. Davis, Jr., & Thomas P. (2004). Barrier Analysis Facilitator’s Guide: A Tool for Improving Behavior Change Communication in Child Survival and Community, Development Programs, Food for the Hungry: Washington, D.C., USA.
  76. Underdal A. (1980). Integrated Marine Policy—What? Why? How? Marine Policy, 4 (3): 159-69.
  77. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), (2009). Collaborative Planning Toolkit, Institute for Water Resource, available online at: http://www.svp.iwr.usace.army.mil/CPToolkit (accessed in 09 23 2009).
  78. Wallace, R. J. (2009). Practical Reason, the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Zalta, E. N. (ed.), available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2009/entries/practical-reason, (accessed in 07 25 2014).

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 13 July 2016
  • Revise Date: 31 January 2021
  • Accept Date: 31 December 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics