Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 29 1 2019 03 21 An Evaluation of the Hidden Curriculum of Architecture Course based on Islamic Ethics An Evaluation of the Hidden Curriculum of Architecture Course based on Islamic Ethics 5 20 100457 10.29252/soffeh.29.1.5 FA Hadi Shahamat Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University 0000-0003-2418-9090 Hamid Nadimi Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University 0000-0001-7053-4022 Minou Gharehbaglou Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University Ensi Keramati Assistant Professor, Shahid Hasheminejad Campus of Mashhad, Farhangian University Journal Article 2019 06 22 The recognition of the hidden curriculum results from a deep insight into inner layers of pedagogy, which in turn involves varieties, complexities, with obvious and hidden dimensions. The present research aims to explore important, recurrent factors in the hidden curriculum, and examine possibilities for their improvements using the Islamic practical ethics. It uses two research methods, starting with quantitative content analysis of 25 researches on the topic. A series of five recurrent factors are thus identified: power hierarchies, unhealthy competition, ambiguity of the tutor’s didactic procedures, unreality of designs, and the preference of the visual product over the process. A descriptive-analytic approach is then adopted to explain and evaluate these factors based on quintuple realms of human existence. Taken from the Islamic ethical order, these realms in turn comprise of three internal realms of beliefs, emotions and will on one hand, and two external realms of utterance and action on the other. The results show the possibility of practical approaches based on the Islamic ethical order for all three parties involved in the school – students, tutors, staff – the implementation of which would make grounds for ethical reforms and improvements of the hidden curriculum. The recognition of the hidden curriculum results from a deep insight into inner layers of pedagogy, which in turn involves varieties, complexities, with obvious and hidden dimensions. The present research aims to explore important, recurrent factors in the hidden curriculum, and examine possibilities for their improvements using the Islamic practical ethics. It uses two research methods, starting with quantitative content analysis of 25 researches on the topic. A series of five recurrent factors are thus identified: power hierarchies, unhealthy competition, ambiguity of the tutor’s didactic procedures, unreality of designs, and the preference of the visual product over the process. A descriptive-analytic approach is then adopted to explain and evaluate these factors based on quintuple realms of human existence. Taken from the Islamic ethical order, these realms in turn comprise of three internal realms of beliefs, emotions and will on one hand, and two external realms of utterance and action on the other. The results show the possibility of practical approaches based on the Islamic ethical order for all three parties involved in the school – students, tutors, staff – the implementation of which would make grounds for ethical reforms and improvements of the hidden curriculum.

https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100457_33acf564f7e3226b280213d631b852a9.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 29 1 2019 03 21 Design Errors in Construction Projects: The Meaning, Reasons, Consequences and Solutions Design Errors in Construction Projects: The Meaning, Reasons, Consequences and Solutions 21 34 100455 10.29252/soffeh.29.1.21 FA Mohammadreza Hafezi Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University Mojtaba Hsseinalipour Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University Seyed Pooyan Ghafoori MSc, Project Management and Construction, Shahid Beheshti University Journal Article 2019 06 22 Designers are the foremost producers of data required in construction projects. Most design issues involve restrictions and requirements whose neglect by designers results in design errors. All construction projects, therefore, face errors whose management will contribute in the project’s success. Hence, it is necessary to study these errors, their generators, and their consequences. Of most significant consequences of errors are time extensions, re-work costs, and waste of resources. These are most importantly caused by miscommunications between design and execution teams. The present research uses library studies to initially identify and classify design errors, and then moves on to study contributing factors and their consequences. In conclusion, a series of the best management approaches are presented, including building information modelling, which is one of the most efficient ones. Designers are the foremost producers of data required in construction projects. Most design issues involve restrictions and requirements whose neglect by designers results in design errors. All construction projects, therefore, face errors whose management will contribute in the project’s success. Hence, it is necessary to study these errors, their generators, and their consequences. Of most significant consequences of errors are time extensions, re-work costs, and waste of resources. These are most importantly caused by miscommunications between design and execution teams. The present research uses library studies to initially identify and classify design errors, and then moves on to study contributing factors and their consequences. In conclusion, a series of the best management approaches are presented, including building information modelling, which is one of the most efficient ones.

https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100455_36095704aa843034b2aff6969cbf5a9b.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 29 1 2019 03 21 The Relation between Building Height and Construction Costs in 1 to 50- Storey Residential Buildings The Relation between Building Height and Construction Costs in 1 to 50- Storey Residential Buildings 35 51 100456 10.29252/soffeh.29.1.35 FA Hesamoddin Zarian MSc, Construction Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University Mohammad Tahsildoost Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University 0000-0002-9016-9429 Journal Article 2019 06 22 The engineering advances in various fields including construction, along with changes in municipal and national policies against urban sprawl have strengthened the case for high-rise developments particularly in metropolitan areas. This is particularly significant when it comes to urban development and policy making. Taken from an MSc dissertation of the same title, the present paper studies the relation between the number of storeys and construction costs. In order to do so, quantitative data collected from suppliers and contractors of various projects, as well as interviews with experts have been used in the subsequent BIM modelling. Overall results show that despite commonly held views, high-rise construction costs are not necessarily higher, and that the consideration of construction costs needs to be based on respective charts for each height range. For instance, in seven, 42, and 48-storey buildings, every single extra floor results in the extra costs that turn the project from viable to non-viable. In line with the above, the suggested optimum number of floors for ordinary urban and mass developments is nine. In plots designated for high-rise developments, a 30–40 floor development is preferred. The present study focuses merely on construction costs, and does not scrutinise land prices and infrastructure costs, nor cultural and social influences on property markets. The engineering advances in various fields including construction, along with changes in municipal and national policies against urban sprawl have strengthened the case for high-rise developments particularly in metropolitan areas. This is particularly significant when it comes to urban development and policy making. Taken from an MSc dissertation of the same title, the present paper studies the relation between the number of storeys and construction costs. In order to do so, quantitative data collected from suppliers and contractors of various projects, as well as interviews with experts have been used in the subsequent BIM modelling. Overall results show that despite commonly held views, high-rise construction costs are not necessarily higher, and that the consideration of construction costs needs to be based on respective charts for each height range. For instance, in seven, 42, and 48-storey buildings, every single extra floor results in the extra costs that turn the project from viable to non-viable. In line with the above, the suggested optimum number of floors for ordinary urban and mass developments is nine. In plots designated for high-rise developments, a 30–40 floor development is preferred. The present study focuses merely on construction costs, and does not scrutinise land prices and infrastructure costs, nor cultural and social influences on property markets.

https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100456_18b336730bf0a5169a5dea563e491193.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 29 1 2019 03 21 Explaining the influence of Urban Elements on the Legibility of Mental Urban Image Using Eye Tracking Software Explaining the influence of Urban Elements on the Legibility of Mental Urban Image Using Eye Tracking Software 53 72 100458 10.29252/soffeh.29.1.53 FA Sepideh Aslani MSc. Roozbeh Institute of Higher Education, Zanjan Zohreh Torabi Torabi Assistant Professor, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch Journal Article 2019 06 22 Present-day technologies have necessitated the legibility and mental wellbeing of urban environments. This is particularly of note in places of tourism and pilgrimage attraction, with the distance between urban nodes influencing people’s decision where to live. The present research acknowledges the influence of urban elements on legibility based on users’ opinion, library and applied studies, and statistical analyses. Among objectives are a study of satisfaction and mental wellbeing resulted from the sense of legibility and security, and their effect on choosing living places. Eye-tracking software is used here for location-finding and spotting urban nodes. The research offers optimised design methods for urban elements and nodes, and also explores the relation between neurosciences and environmental sciences. It is hoped that this will play a role in improving both physical and mental aspects of urban design, and prompt other researchers to further explore the relation between neurosciences and urbanism. Present-day technologies have necessitated the legibility and mental wellbeing of urban environments. This is particularly of note in places of tourism and pilgrimage attraction, with the distance between urban nodes influencing people’s decision where to live. The present research acknowledges the influence of urban elements on legibility based on users’ opinion, library and applied studies, and statistical analyses. Among objectives are a study of satisfaction and mental wellbeing resulted from the sense of legibility and security, and their effect on choosing living places. Eye-tracking software is used here for location-finding and spotting urban nodes. The research offers optimised design methods for urban elements and nodes, and also explores the relation between neurosciences and environmental sciences. It is hoped that this will play a role in improving both physical and mental aspects of urban design, and prompt other researchers to further explore the relation between neurosciences and urbanism.

https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100458_3ca733748500a373babefe8c2caf8817.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 29 1 2019 03 21 Comparison of Geometry and Drawing Method of Karbandi Vault Samples 10,12,14,16- sided Karbandis Comparison of Geometry and Drawing Method of Karbandi Vault Samples 10,12,14,16- sided Karbandis 73 91 100459 10.29252/soffeh.29.1.73 FA Shahrzad Aine-chi PhD.Student, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan Nima Vali-Beig Assistant Professor, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan 0000-0002-7562-0701 Farhad Tehrani Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University Journal Article 2019 06 22 The study of drawing methods is one for classification of geometrical theories of rib-works (karbandi’s) based on rectangles. The analysis of similarities and differences can reveal general and particular geometric structures of these karbandi’s. Comparative studies offer methods to analyse how and why there are underlying similarities between rectangular karbandi’s despite apparent differences. Various drawing methods are widely discussed by traditional Persian-speaking designers. However, drawings methods have not yet been used for comparative studies classifying theoretical geometries of rectangular bases. The present paper studies rectangular bases. Two widely used examples of square and non-square rectangular bases are selected in order to analyse and compare various drawing techniques and their associated views. The results show Pirnia’s and Bozorgmehri’s methods’ errors when it comes to rectangles in comparison with others’, that She’rbaf and Lorzadeh have not talked about karbandi bases and proportions, and that Pirnia’s method is more practical compared with others’, and easily executable through traditional means. It is also shown that Pirnia’s and Bozorgmehri’s methods are more easily applicable to larger numbers of karbandi’s. The study of drawing methods is one for classification of geometrical theories of rib-works (karbandi’s) based on rectangles. The analysis of similarities and differences can reveal general and particular geometric structures of these karbandi’s. Comparative studies offer methods to analyse how and why there are underlying similarities between rectangular karbandi’s despite apparent differences. Various drawing methods are widely discussed by traditional Persian-speaking designers. However, drawings methods have not yet been used for comparative studies classifying theoretical geometries of rectangular bases. The present paper studies rectangular bases. Two widely used examples of square and non-square rectangular bases are selected in order to analyse and compare various drawing techniques and their associated views. The results show Pirnia’s and Bozorgmehri’s methods’ errors when it comes to rectangles in comparison with others’, that She’rbaf and Lorzadeh have not talked about karbandi bases and proportions, and that Pirnia’s method is more practical compared with others’, and easily executable through traditional means. It is also shown that Pirnia’s and Bozorgmehri’s methods are more easily applicable to larger numbers of karbandi’s.

https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100459_0d177339ce194e95a7b3aa7a5e70a20b.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 29 1 2019 03 21 An Explanation of Design Principles of Illumination Systems in Historical Places An Explanation of Design Principles of Illumination Systems in Historical Places 93 108 100460 10.29252/soffeh.29.1.93 FA GholamReza Kiani Dehkiani Assistant Professor, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan Marzieh Safari HassanAbadi MA, Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan 0009-0002-8436-1606 Journal Article 2019 06 22 Despite the more than half-a-century long history of scientific conservation and restoration of monuments in Iran, the lighting and illumination of monuments is still missing from the discipline’s curriculum, with few instances of appropriate lighting in historical spaces, and the ones with lighting design using inconsistent, arbitrary methods designed at best by electrical engineers without due care to the value of historical spaces, and with mere provision of light as the only aim. A familiarity with lighting design and mastering the pros and cons of lighting equipment and the right choice in keeping with the historical heritage is of utmost importance. In order to achieve necessary results, a principled approach towards lighting design should be seen as crucial. The question here is one of the principles behind the design and implementation of lighting in historical monuments. The present research adopts a prescriptive approach, using a descriptive-analytic method based on library studies and observations, and based on optics and the structural and spatial characteristics of traditional Iranian architecture. The findings suggest that to achieve appropriate lighting in historic spaces, four stages of study, design, implementation and maintenance need to be considered, each with its own particularities. Despite the more than half-a-century long history of scientific conservation and restoration of monuments in Iran, the lighting and illumination of monuments is still missing from the discipline’s curriculum, with few instances of appropriate lighting in historical spaces, and the ones with lighting design using inconsistent, arbitrary methods designed at best by electrical engineers without due care to the value of historical spaces, and with mere provision of light as the only aim. A familiarity with lighting design and mastering the pros and cons of lighting equipment and the right choice in keeping with the historical heritage is of utmost importance. In order to achieve necessary results, a principled approach towards lighting design should be seen as crucial. The question here is one of the principles behind the design and implementation of lighting in historical monuments. The present research adopts a prescriptive approach, using a descriptive-analytic method based on library studies and observations, and based on optics and the structural and spatial characteristics of traditional Iranian architecture. The findings suggest that to achieve appropriate lighting in historic spaces, four stages of study, design, implementation and maintenance need to be considered, each with its own particularities.

https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100460_2553235e93aab117d388eb62aff185c0.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 29 1 2019 03 21 The Necessity of Restoration for the Continuity of Architecture and Urbanism Culture The Necessity of Restoration for the Continuity of Architecture and Urbanism Culture 109 117 100564 10.29252/soffeh.29.1.109 FA Asghar Mohammad Moradi Professor, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology Seyed Mahdi Mojabi School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology Atssa Amir Kabirian Amir Kabirian PhD Candidate, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology Journal Article 2021 01 10 Based on the evidence from the past, the interactions between humans and their environment has always had a cultural aspect to it. This has always enjoyed a suitable degree of relevance to people’s prevailing thoughts, culture and instincts throughout the history of Iran, particularly in the Islamic era. Evidence suggests that restoration and conservation has always been the mainstream in Iran and not confined to any particular area or environment. Such wisdom can be applied more influentially to architecture and urbanism pedagogy. The methodology presented in this study is the result of a 35-year long inquiry and research in the field of history of architecture and urbanism in Iran. The study has certain hints to the evolution of architecture and urbanism throughout this history, in the hope that it will benefit the future related studies. Objectives here include tracing historical experiences, in order to gain better insights for new developments. Based on the evidence from the past, the interactions between humans and their environment has always had a cultural aspect to it. This has always enjoyed a suitable degree of relevance to people’s prevailing thoughts, culture and instincts throughout the history of Iran, particularly in the Islamic era. Evidence suggests that restoration and conservation has always been the mainstream in Iran and not confined to any particular area or environment. Such wisdom can be applied more influentially to architecture and urbanism pedagogy. The methodology presented in this study is the result of a 35-year long inquiry and research in the field of history of architecture and urbanism in Iran. The study has certain hints to the evolution of architecture and urbanism throughout this history, in the hope that it will benefit the future related studies. Objectives here include tracing historical experiences, in order to gain better insights for new developments.

https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100564_6b6c46df3e4f1b17ae300c8b49df92cc.pdf