Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 24 4 2014 11 22 Phenomenological Techniques in Architectural Criticism Phenomenological Techniques in Architectural Criticism 5 22 100205 FA Mohammad Ali Ashraf Ganjooie Lecturer, Saba Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Mohammad Soltanzadeh Lecturer, Saba Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Journal Article 2015 09 16 The phenomenological approach to architecture is primarily based on personal experiences of space. Architectural education should therefore provide for the students to experience the space at first hand and consequently express their experience. This research reports the findings of a visit by students and the lecturer to two historic mosques in Kerman City. The findings of students were in four categories. The first category includes ‘General Impressions’ on the underlying overall design concepts. ‘Detailed Impressions’ then refer to the findings of another scrutiny level. The third category refers to ‘Special Impressions’. In the fourth category, ‘Expressions’ the students try to depict their understanding by use of abstract forms rather than direct representation. These impressions are essentially a contextual critique of the monument. They are valuable as they are directly derived from students’ understanding. The phenomenological approach to architecture is primarily based on personal experiences of space. Architectural education should therefore provide for the students to experience the space at first hand and consequently express their experience. This research reports the findings of a visit by students and the lecturer to two historic mosques in Kerman City. The findings of students were in four categories. The first category includes ‘General Impressions’ on the underlying overall design concepts. ‘Detailed Impressions’ then refer to the findings of another scrutiny level. The third category refers to ‘Special Impressions’. In the fourth category, ‘Expressions’ the students try to depict their understanding by use of abstract forms rather than direct representation. These impressions are essentially a contextual critique of the monument. They are valuable as they are directly derived from students’ understanding. https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100205_8498a505f58400e3f873dd43bf76ea71.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 24 4 2014 11 22 Affordance of Shared Spaces in Residential Complexes Affordance of Shared Spaces in Residential Complexes 23 32 100202 FA Abdolkarim Qaedi Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University Journal Article 2015 09 16 This research examines the functioning of shared spaces in residential complexes. For this purpose, some 50 residential complexes were randomly selected from the list of registered residential complexes. These complexes were all located within the city, occupied and managed by an elected board. Some of these complexes were above eight stories with the ground floor reserved for parking. Key factors were measured for these complexes such as area and use; capacity, frequency and time of use; as well as number of stories. The correlation between these factors was then calculated. As a result, meaningful correlations were found between these factors. For example, it was shown that use of shared spaces corresponds to the area of these spaces. Therefore, in complexes with taller buildings, these spaces were used more frequently and for longer periods. This research examines the functioning of shared spaces in residential complexes. For this purpose, some 50 residential complexes were randomly selected from the list of registered residential complexes. These complexes were all located within the city, occupied and managed by an elected board. Some of these complexes were above eight stories with the ground floor reserved for parking. Key factors were measured for these complexes such as area and use; capacity, frequency and time of use; as well as number of stories. The correlation between these factors was then calculated. As a result, meaningful correlations were found between these factors. For example, it was shown that use of shared spaces corresponds to the area of these spaces. Therefore, in complexes with taller buildings, these spaces were used more frequently and for longer periods. https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100202_be9bbf8e7cb2de059b86e7a8af2b4fc1.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 24 4 2014 11 22 Designing Waiting Spaces in Hospitals Designing Waiting Spaces in Hospitals 33 44 100203 FA Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Zakeri Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Shiraz 0000-0003-3567-0920 Fatemeh Safarpour M Arch Student, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Shiraz Journal Article 2015 09 16 This paper investigates the role of spatial design in satisfaction of about 240 waiting patients and their company in three hospitals in Shiraz City. The chemotherapy waiting room was selected for study in these three hospitals. These waiting rooms have more or less similar conditions and differ only in their spatial arrangement and relation to circulation corridors. The results indicate that visitor satisfaction increases as the sitting areas are more detached from corridors. Blocking view towards the chemotherapy area also has a positive impact on user satisfaction. Views towards green spaces, or at least peaceful posters has the same effect, too. So does the demarcation of spaces with different functions. Nevertheless, gender was found to have insignificant impact on spatial cognition. This paper investigates the role of spatial design in satisfaction of about 240 waiting patients and their company in three hospitals in Shiraz City. The chemotherapy waiting room was selected for study in these three hospitals. These waiting rooms have more or less similar conditions and differ only in their spatial arrangement and relation to circulation corridors. The results indicate that visitor satisfaction increases as the sitting areas are more detached from corridors. Blocking view towards the chemotherapy area also has a positive impact on user satisfaction. Views towards green spaces, or at least peaceful posters has the same effect, too. So does the demarcation of spaces with different functions. Nevertheless, gender was found to have insignificant impact on spatial cognition. https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100203_28547a00a3740aafdd6ae8dd8a00e0de.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 24 4 2014 11 22 Settlement of Transhumant Tribes: The Satisfaction of Qashqaï Tribes Settlement of Transhumant Tribes: The Satisfaction of Qashqaï Tribes 45 62 100204 FA Reza Shakouri Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Yazd Elham Khodadadi Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Yazd Journal Article 2015 09 16 This paper reports the results of a study on the satisfaction of residents in two towns. These towns were built for voluntary or forced settlement of Qashqaï nomadic tribes. This study is based on two consecutive field visits during which open-ended questions were asked. The results of the interviews indicate that the residents are generally dissatisfied with the design of their houses. They also think that the physical fabric does not accommodate their traditional way of life. Although several factors affect this dissatisfaction, it is hypothesized that lack of place attachment and sense of belonging to the town and its dwellings are key factors. This paper reports the results of a study on the satisfaction of residents in two towns. These towns were built for voluntary or forced settlement of Qashqaï nomadic tribes. This study is based on two consecutive field visits during which open-ended questions were asked. The results of the interviews indicate that the residents are generally dissatisfied with the design of their houses. They also think that the physical fabric does not accommodate their traditional way of life. Although several factors affect this dissatisfaction, it is hypothesized that lack of place attachment and sense of belonging to the town and its dwellings are key factors. https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100204_58bf02d3c771ff47fc1107d408dfef90.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 24 4 2014 11 22 Design Process in Landscape Architecture Design Process in Landscape Architecture 63 76 100206 FA Hassan Taghvaei Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University 0000-0001-7172-3917 Amir Semiari PhD Candidate, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University 0000-0002-9159-3037 Journal Article 2015 09 16 What do students of architecture rely on as their design strategy? What areas of knowledge serve as ‘primary generators’ of main concepts in the design process? To investigate this problem, two groups of students were selected from two different universities: Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran and Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin. Both groups designed the same project as their first course on Landscape Design. Two years after this course, a survey was conducted in both groups. As a dependent factor indicating primary generators, students were asked about the importance of certain aspects such as ecologic, aesthetic, cultural and economic values,etc. The students were also asked to submit their initial concepts and mention priority topics for the course. The results show that ‘scale’ and ‘ecological factors’ are more important for students as primary generators. It is further demonstrated that the three training priority topics are: (i) basic concepts and landscape ecology; (ii) social and cultural concepts; and (iii) aesthetic principles. What do students of architecture rely on as their design strategy? What areas of knowledge serve as ‘primary generators’ of main concepts in the design process? To investigate this problem, two groups of students were selected from two different universities: Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran and Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin. Both groups designed the same project as their first course on Landscape Design. Two years after this course, a survey was conducted in both groups. As a dependent factor indicating primary generators, students were asked about the importance of certain aspects such as ecologic, aesthetic, cultural and economic values,etc. The students were also asked to submit their initial concepts and mention priority topics for the course. The results show that ‘scale’ and ‘ecological factors’ are more important for students as primary generators. It is further demonstrated that the three training priority topics are: (i) basic concepts and landscape ecology; (ii) social and cultural concepts; and (iii) aesthetic principles. https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100206_11bb4882f5842feeeea620aaa8a86e66.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 24 4 2014 11 22 Reducing the Vulnerability of Shahid Beheshti University dormitories to the risks of Fire and Earthquake Reducing the Vulnerability of Shahid Beheshti University dormitories to the risks of Fire and Earthquake 77 100 100207 FA Alireza Fallahi Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University Journal Article 2015 09 16 Student dormitories are vulnerable to the risk of fire and earthquake for many reasons including the fact that they represent areas with high population density, supporting occupants 24 hours a day, and exposed to the threat of structural faults, as well as mechanical and electrical equipment failure. Such factors are further aggravated by the lack of effective disaster plans and response procedures to guide resident behaviours in the event of an emergency, which also increase the chances of otherwise preventable injuries or death. Located within a seismic zone to the north of Tehran, the student dormitories of Shahid Beheshti University require the development of a vulnerability reduction program for such possible incidents.Though building retrofitting reduces the possibility of structural collapse, such operations are rarely feasible due to the lack of sufficient budgetary support, the need to suspend educational activities during the construction process, and the extended time required for such undertakings. In addition, even during retrofitting processes where the objective is to strengthen the building structure, the occupiers can still be injured if the construction efforts are not accompanied with educational programs informing the occupiers of proper evacuation procedures during emergency events. As a result, in recent years, efforts to reduce the vulnerability of dormitories have not only included the development of disaster plans focusing on the structure of the buildings, but attention has also been placed on strengthening non-structural elements such as educating occupiers on how to react, behave and exercise control in the event of an emergency incident. Such an approach is seen to be effective in establishing a formal protocol to be followed, an understanding by occupiers, and therefore ultimately reducing the risk of avoidable injuries and casualties. The research methodology involved in this project is a descriptive analytical approach undertaking a field investigation using a Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) method. During this process, all occupiers including students, staff and service workers are interviewed in depth in order to find out their understanding of suitable behaviour during an emergency situation. Once performed, all dormitory maps and drawings are subsequently updated and an observation is carried out to measure the non-structural defects in all architectural elements, as well as the risk posed by mechanical and electrical equipment. Finally, the emergency exit plans are also developed. The research findings propose a number of applicable recommendations. With regard to the development of a disaster plan, an incident command system (ICS) is suggested in order to allocate responsibilities to occupants, supported by regular practical rehearsals within the dormitories. Public education programs, such as first aid and fire distinguishing courses are also included aspects of the proposed plan. In addition, all non-structural elements can be strengthened by using appropriate materials and equipment. The findings may also be applicable for other university dormitories in the country. Student dormitories are vulnerable to the risk of fire and earthquake for many reasons including the fact that they represent areas with high population density, supporting occupants 24 hours a day, and exposed to the threat of structural faults, as well as mechanical and electrical equipment failure. Such factors are further aggravated by the lack of effective disaster plans and response procedures to guide resident behaviours in the event of an emergency, which also increase the chances of otherwise preventable injuries or death. Located within a seismic zone to the north of Tehran, the student dormitories of Shahid Beheshti University require the development of a vulnerability reduction program for such possible incidents.Though building retrofitting reduces the possibility of structural collapse, such operations are rarely feasible due to the lack of sufficient budgetary support, the need to suspend educational activities during the construction process, and the extended time required for such undertakings. In addition, even during retrofitting processes where the objective is to strengthen the building structure, the occupiers can still be injured if the construction efforts are not accompanied with educational programs informing the occupiers of proper evacuation procedures during emergency events. As a result, in recent years, efforts to reduce the vulnerability of dormitories have not only included the development of disaster plans focusing on the structure of the buildings, but attention has also been placed on strengthening non-structural elements such as educating occupiers on how to react, behave and exercise control in the event of an emergency incident. Such an approach is seen to be effective in establishing a formal protocol to be followed, an understanding by occupiers, and therefore ultimately reducing the risk of avoidable injuries and casualties. The research methodology involved in this project is a descriptive analytical approach undertaking a field investigation using a Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) method. During this process, all occupiers including students, staff and service workers are interviewed in depth in order to find out their understanding of suitable behaviour during an emergency situation. Once performed, all dormitory maps and drawings are subsequently updated and an observation is carried out to measure the non-structural defects in all architectural elements, as well as the risk posed by mechanical and electrical equipment. Finally, the emergency exit plans are also developed. The research findings propose a number of applicable recommendations. With regard to the development of a disaster plan, an incident command system (ICS) is suggested in order to allocate responsibilities to occupants, supported by regular practical rehearsals within the dormitories. Public education programs, such as first aid and fire distinguishing courses are also included aspects of the proposed plan. In addition, all non-structural elements can be strengthened by using appropriate materials and equipment. The findings may also be applicable for other university dormitories in the country. https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100207_e8b04b8f24360d0c6e480aa00505587a.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Soffeh 1683-870X 24 4 2014 11 22 Qajarid Window-Guards in Hamadan Qajarid Window-Guards in Hamadan 101 126 100201 FA Seyyed Hosein Hoseini Siyar Lecturer, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Hamadan Islamic Azad University Journal Article 2015 09 16 Close encounters with the Western culture and art starts under the Qajar rule. In this period, art elements of the West find their way in the Persian art and architecture. This paper reports the results of a survey of window-guards extant form the Qajar period in Hamadan City. Of an initial sample of 68 windows, 26 samples were selected for not being a repetition of other designs. These show a gradual evolution in technique and style of using wrought iron in four phases. In the first phase, a pattern formed with S-shaped elements covers the rectangular area of a window, while the semicircular area under the spanning arch is usually blocked. In the second phase, by modifying the ‘S’ element, all the window area is covered. In the third phase, the S element is further modified, its tips become convoluted and its proportions are freely changed to fill rectangular areas. In the fourth phase, the window-guard is treated as a decorative architectural element. Therefore, in addition to the S element, other decorative spiral elements are used. Close encounters with the Western culture and art starts under the Qajar rule. In this period, art elements of the West find their way in the Persian art and architecture. This paper reports the results of a survey of window-guards extant form the Qajar period in Hamadan City. Of an initial sample of 68 windows, 26 samples were selected for not being a repetition of other designs. These show a gradual evolution in technique and style of using wrought iron in four phases. In the first phase, a pattern formed with S-shaped elements covers the rectangular area of a window, while the semicircular area under the spanning arch is usually blocked. In the second phase, by modifying the ‘S’ element, all the window area is covered. In the third phase, the S element is further modified, its tips become convoluted and its proportions are freely changed to fill rectangular areas. In the fourth phase, the window-guard is treated as a decorative architectural element. Therefore, in addition to the S element, other decorative spiral elements are used. https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_100201_7c7523f13ef609dc63d17a673ec1df1e.pdf